{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:24:18Z","timestamp":1787826258889,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BluSense Diagnostics"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a major public health concern, posing huge economic and disease burdens globally. In Malaysia, the incidence of DENV infections has increased significantly over the years. Nevertheless, the passive surveillance mechanism applied may not capture the actual magnitude of DENV infection. There was also a paucity of community-based studies exploring DENV seroprevalence. This study aimed to determine the DENV seroprevalence and the associated factors among the urban population in Petaling district, Malaysia. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 18 August to 26 October 2018 with 533 participants recruited. Blood samples were collected and analysed for DENV seropositivity using a composite reference standard comprised of three dengue serological tests. Associated factors were identified by fitting Generalised Linear Mixed Models with binomial error structure and logit link function. DENV seroprevalence obtained was 79.0% (95% CI: 75.2\u201382.4%). The age-specific DENV seroprevalence showed an increasing trend with advancing age, from 22.7% (95% CI: 9.6\u201345.0%) for those aged below five years old to 94.9% (95% CI: 81.3\u201398.7%) for those aged \u226560 years old. Only age group and house level were found to be significant factors associated with DENV seropositivity. The odds of being DENV seropositive generally increased with age, from 13.43 (95% CI: 2.77\u201365.22) for the 5\u20139 years old age group to 384.77 (95% CI: 39.27\u20133769.97) for the \u226560 years old age group, as compared to those aged below 5 years old. For house level, those who lived on the first and second floor (OR: 8.98, 95% CI: 3.16\u201325.12) and the third floor and above (OR: 4.82, 95% CI: 1.89\u201312.32) had greater odds of being DENV seropositive compared to those living on the ground floor. This study demonstrated the persistently high DENV seroprevalence among the urban population in Petaling district, which could be useful to evaluate dengue control measures taken and estimate more accurate disease incidence. The associated factors with DENV seropositivity identified could also contribute to undertaking more targeted preventive and control measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]],"date-time":"2022-06-11T09:33:26Z","timestamp":1654940006000},"page":"7170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Dengue Seroprevalence and Factors Associated with Dengue Seropositivity in Petaling District, Malaysia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5960-3939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Jie","family":"Ng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuo Lin","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Hatta","family":"Abdul Mutalip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiu-Wan","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0384-1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of dengue among healthy adults in a rural community in Southern Malaysia: A pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Dhanoa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control 2012\u20132020, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-016-0004-y","article-title":"Human antibody response to dengue virus: Implications for dengue vaccine design","volume":"44","author":"Moi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shepard, D.S., Undurraga, E.A., and Halasa, Y.A. (2013). Economic and Disease Burden of Dengue in Southeast Asia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002055"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"19676","article-title":"First two autochthonous dengue virus infections in metropolitan France, September 2010","volume":"15","author":"Armengaud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.31436\/imjm.v14i1.447","article-title":"Dengue Incidence and the Prevention and Control Program in Malaysia","volume":"14","author":"Mudin","year":"2015","journal-title":"IIUM Med. J. Malaysia"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohd-Zaki, A.H., Brett, J., Ismail, E., and L\u2019Azou, M. (2014). Epidemiology of Dengue Disease in Malaysia (2000\u20132012): A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003159"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"295","article-title":"Environmental Management in Dealing with Dengue Fever Cases Towards Urban Sustainability: Study on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 (Act 342)","volume":"8","author":"Mohktar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Southeast Asia (2011). Comprehensive Guidelines for Prevention and Control of Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever: Revised and Expanded Edition, World Health Organization Regional Office for Southeast Asia."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woon, Y.L., Hor, C.P., Lee, K.Y., Mohd Anuar, S.F.Z., Mudin, R.N., Sheikh Ahmad, M.K., Komari, S., Amin, F., Jamal, R., and Chen, W.S. (2018). Estimating dengue incidence and hospitalization in Malaysia, 2001 to 2013. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5849-z"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chew, C.H., Woon, Y.L., Amin, F., Adnan, T.H., Abdul Wahab, A.H., Ahmad, Z.E., Bujang, M.A., Abdul Hamid, A.M., Jamal, R., and Chen, W.S. (2016). Rural-urban comparisons of dengue seroprevalence in Malaysia. BMC Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3496-9"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imai, N., Dorigatti, I., Cauchemez, S., and Ferguson, N.M. (2015). Estimating Dengue Transmission Intensity from Sero-Prevalence Surveys in Multiple Countries. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003719"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa056","article-title":"Dengue epidemic in Malaysia: Urban versus rural comparison of dengue immunoglobulin G seroprevalence among Malaysian adults aged 35\u201374 years","volume":"114","author":"Azami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2013). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki\u2014Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA, 310, 2191\u20132194.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ng, A., Mohamed Firouz, A.M., Khalidi, J.R., Muhtar, M.A., Tumin, S.A., Tan, K.M., Tan, T.T., and Tan, G.Z. (2018). The State of Households 2018: Different Realities, Khazanah Research Institute."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"18","article-title":"Predictive analytics in Malaysian dengue data from 2010 until 2015 using BigML","volume":"8","author":"Zainudin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Soft Comput. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghani, N., Shohaimi, S., Hee, A., Chee, H.-Y., Emmanuel, O., and Alaba Ajibola, L. (2019). Comparison of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among Communities Living in Hotspot and Non-Hotspot Areas of Dengue in Selangor, Malaysia. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010037"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Malaysian Space Agency (2021, August 20). Disease Control Division MOH Malaysia iDengue\u2014Dengue Definition, Available online: https:\/\/idengue.mysa.gov.my\/ide_v3\/definition.html#page=6."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"ESRI (2016, November 04). Malaysia Average Household Size. Available online: https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=69f2d666483f4bf79e3e7b9c42a12d39."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.12.002","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of asymptomatic dengue infection","volume":"10","author":"Chatchen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chong, Z.L., Soe, H.J., Ismail, A.A., Mahboob, T., Chandramathi, S., and Sekaran, S.D. (2021). Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of a New Biosensors-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Point-Of-Care Diagnosis of Previous and Recent Dengue Infections in Malaysia. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11050129"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5253842","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5253842","article-title":"Comparison of the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test and IgG ELISA in Categorizing Primary and Secondary Dengue Infections Based on the Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test","volume":"2016","author":"Lukman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.08.019","article-title":"Review of diagnostic plaque reduction neutralization tests for flavivirus infection","volume":"195","author":"Maeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2009). Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control\u2014New Edition, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frey, B.B. (2018). Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V Coefficient. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation, SAGE Publications, Inc.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781506326139"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0671","article-title":"Dengue Seroprevalence of Healthy Adults in Singapore: Serosurvey Among Blood Donors, 2009","volume":"93","author":"Low","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.12.012","article-title":"The potential impact of dengue vaccination with, and without, pre-vaccination screening","volume":"38","author":"Coudeville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Dengue vaccine: WHO position paper, September 2018\u2014Recommendations. Vaccine, 37, 4848\u20134849.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.09.063"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66212-5","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue prevention and dengue seroprevalence in a dengue hotspot in Malaysia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Selvarajoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"142","article-title":"Dengue Antibodies in a Suburban Community in Malaysia","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. J. Malays."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"International Organization for Migration (2016). Overview of Internal Migration in Malaysia, International Organization for Migration."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tam, C.C., O\u2019Driscoll, M., Taurel, A.F., Nealon, J., and Hadinegoro, S.R. (2018). Geographic variation in dengue seroprevalence and force of infection in the urban paediatric population of Indonesia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006932"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V38N8p667","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of dengue virus infection among adults in Singapore","volume":"38","author":"Yew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Acad. Med. Singap."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002507","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of dengue virus infection in the adult population in tropical Singapore","volume":"143","author":"Ang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30392-2","article-title":"Determining dengue virus serostatus by indirect IgG ELISA compared with focus reduction neutralisation test in children in Cebu, Philippines: A prospective population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doum, D., Overgaard, H.J., Mayxay, M., Suttiprapa, S., Saichua, P., Ekalaksananan, T., Tongchai, P., Rahman, M.S., Haque, U., and Phommachanh, S. (2020). Dengue Seroprevalence and Seroconversion in Urban and Rural Populations in Northeastern Thailand and Southern Laos. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17239134"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiaravalloti-Neto, F., da Silva, R.A., Zini, N., da Silva, G.C.D., da Silva, N.S., Parra, M.C.P., Dibo, M.R., Estofolete, C.F., F\u00e1varo, E.A., and Dutra, K.R. (2019). Seroprevalence for dengue virus in a hyperendemic area and associated socioeconomic and demographic factors using a cross-sectional design and a geostatistical approach, state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4074-4"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0127","article-title":"Dengue Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Past and Recent Viral Transmission in Venezuela: A Comprehensive Community-Based Study","volume":"91","author":"Sierra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.10.045","article-title":"Prevalence of dengue antibodies in healthy children and adults in different Colombian endemic areas","volume":"91","author":"Castellanos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad Azami, N.A., Salleh, S.A., Neoh, H., Syed Zakaria, S.Z., and Jamal, R. (2011). Dengue epidemic in Malaysia: Not a predominantly urban disease anymore. BMC Res. Notes, 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-216"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105066","article-title":"Impact of population displacement and forced movements on the transmission and outbreaks of Aedes-borne viral diseases: Dengue as a model","volume":"197","author":"Mahdy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"698","article-title":"Possible association between recent migration and hospitalisation for dengue in an urban population: A prospective case-control study in northern Vietnam","volume":"31","author":"Tsuzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padmanabha, H., Correa, F., Rubio, C., Baeza, A., Osorio, S., Mendez, J., Jones, J.H., and Diuk-Wasser, M.A. (2015). Human Social Behavior and Demography Drive Patterns of Fine-Scale Dengue Transmission in Endemic Areas of Colombia. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144451"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1446","article-title":"Dengue viremia kinetics in asymptomatic and symptomatic infection","volume":"101","author":"Matangkasombut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2013.12.003","article-title":"Socially structured human movement shapes dengue transmission despite the diffusive effect of mosquito dispersal","volume":"6","author":"Reiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, L.P., AbuBakar, S., and Chinna, K. (2014). Community Knowledge, Health Beliefs, Practices and Experiences Related to Dengue Fever and Its Association with IgG Seropositivity. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002789"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"VRT.S34187","DOI":"10.4137\/VRT.S34187","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of Asymptomatic Dengue Virus Infection in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Jamjoom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prayitno, A., Taurel, A.-F., Nealon, J., Satari, H.I., Karyanti, M.R., Sekartini, R., Soedjatmiko, S., Gunardi, H., Medise, B.E., and Sasmono, R.T. (2017). Dengue seroprevalence and force of primary infection in a representative population of urban dwelling Indonesian children. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005621"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6803098","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6803098","article-title":"Dengue Fever: Causes, Complications, and Vaccine Strategies","volume":"2016","author":"Khetarpal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30205-6","article-title":"Dengue infection and advances in dengue vaccines for children","volume":"3","author":"Halstead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1903869","article-title":"Efficacy of a Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine in Healthy Children and Adolescents","volume":"381","author":"Biswal","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (2021, August 20). Potential Impact of Takeda\u2019s Dengue Vaccine Candidate Reinforced by Long-Term Safety and Efficacy Results. Available online: https:\/\/www.takeda.com\/newsroom\/newsreleases\/2021\/potential-impact-of-takedas-dengue-vaccine-candidate-reinforced-by--long-term-safety-and-efficacy-results\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y.-H., Liao, M.-Y., Chien, Y.-W., Ho, T.-S., Ko, H.-Y., Yang, C.-R., Chang, S.-F., Yu, C.-Y., Lin, S.-Y., and Shih, P.-W. (2021). Use of seroprevalence to guide dengue vaccination plans for older adults in a dengue non-endemic country. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009312"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"495","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Acute Dengue in a Malaysian Tertiary Medical Centre","volume":"32","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, R., Suzilah, I., Najdah, W.M.A.W., Topek, O., Mustafakamal, I., and Lee, H.L. (2018). Factors determining dengue outbreak in Malaysia. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193326"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Wu, X., Sheridan, S., Lee, J., Wang, X., Yin, J., and Han, J. (2021). Interaction of climate and socio-ecological environment drives the dengue outbreak in epidemic region of China. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009761"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/12\/7170\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:28:04Z","timestamp":1760138884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/12\/7170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19127170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19127170","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,11]]}}}