{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:15:44Z","timestamp":1784132144134,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA031649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA031649"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"District of Columbia Center","award":["R01DA031649"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA031649"]}]},{"name":"District of Columbia Center","award":["P30AI117970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117970"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>People who use drugs are highly marginalized communities and are disproportionately affected by environmental changes\u2014e.g., neighborhood gentrification\u2014that affect housing availability and stability, particularly in urban locations. These changes could negatively affect individuals\u2019 access to and utilization of health care and social services, resulting in poorer health outcomes. This study examined the impact of gentrification and housing instability on drug users\u2019 access to harm reduction and other health services. Data were collected from 139 clients of a large harm reduction organization. Results showed that 67% of the participants were either unstably housed or homeless, and about one-third of participants indicated that their current housing situations negatively affected their access to primary care (33.9%), behavioral health services (36.7%) and basic services (38.3%). While homeless individuals were still able to access services generally, a greater percentage\u2014compared to those unstably or stably housed\u2014reported difficulty accessing care. As these data were collected prior to the COVID pandemic, it is likely that many of our participants faced greater struggles with housing insecurity and health care access issues due to shutdowns and increased need for social isolation and quarantine. More work is needed to address housing instability and homelessness among already marginalized populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]],"date-time":"2022-06-21T21:55:19Z","timestamp":1655848519000},"page":"7561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Impact of Housing Insecurity on Access to Care and Services among People Who Use Drugs in Washington, DC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7384-4090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica S.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"O\u2019Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DC Center for AIDS Research, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 2125 G St. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"MacIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honoring Individual Power and Strength (HIPS), 906 H St. NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shareese","family":"Mon\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honoring Individual Power and Strength (HIPS), 906 H St. NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyndee","family":"Clay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honoring Individual Power and Strength (HIPS), 906 H St. NE, Washington, DC 20002, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2019.102173","article-title":"\u201cClear Action Requires Clear Thinking\u201d: A Systematic Review of Gentrification and Health Research in the United States","volume":"59","author":"Tulier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980500388710","article-title":"The Right to Stay Put, Revisited: Gentrification and Resistance to Displacement in New York City","volume":"43","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2427.12164","article-title":"\u2018Gentrification Without Displacement\u2019 and the Consequent Loss of Place: The Effects of Class Transition on Low-Income Residents of Secure Housing in Gentrifying Areas","volume":"39","author":"Shaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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