{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:02:44Z","timestamp":1785859364099,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Childbirth-related perineal trauma (CRPT) is defined as damage to the skin, muscles of the perineum, as well as to the anal sphincter complex and anal epithelium. The aim of the study was to analyze the risk factors for spontaneous injuries to the soft tissues of the birth canal during non-operative delivery. This was a single-center retrospective case-control study. The study included the analysis of two groups, the study group featured 7238 patients with spontaneous perineal laceration (any degree of perineal laceration) and the control group featured patients without perineal laceration with 7879 cases. The analysis of single-factor logistic regression showed that the factors related to perineal laceration during childbirth are the age of the patients giving birth (p = 0.000), the BMI before delivery (p = 0.000), the number of pregnancies (p = 0.000) and deliveries (p = 0.000), diagnosed gestational diabetes (p = 0.046), home birth (p = 0.000), vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) (p = 0.001), the use of oxytocin in the second stage of childbirth (p = 0.041), the duration of the second stage of childbirth (p = 0.000), body weight (p = 0.000), and the circumference of the newborn head (p = 0.000). Independent factors that increase the risk of perineal laceration during childbirth are an older age of the woman giving birth, a history of cesarean section, a higher birth weight of the newborn, and factors that reduce the risk of spontaneous perineal trauma are a higher number of deliveries and home birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1655949587000},"page":"7653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Spontaneous Perineal Trauma during Non-Operative Childbirth\u2014Retrospective Analysis of Perineal Laceration Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7897-9499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"B\u0105czek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Didactics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6534-1100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Rzo\u0144ca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Didactics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6829-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Sys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0392-6074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwia","family":"Rychlewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Sophia\u2019s Specialist Hospital, \u017belazna Medical Center, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Durka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Didactics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7008-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Rzo\u0144ca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5268-6900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Bie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Obstetrics Development, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102712","article-title":"The effects of hands on and hands off\/poised techniques on maternal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g6829","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6829","article-title":"Managing perineal trauma after Childbirth","volume":"25","author":"Webb","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"CD012258","article-title":"Antenatal maternal education for improving postnatal perineal healing for women who have birthed in a hospital setting","volume":"12","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. 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