{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:24:38Z","timestamp":1790213078410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004834","name":"Universitat Jaume I","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PREDOC-2019\/05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PREDOC-2019\/05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emotional disorders are the most common mental disorders globally. Psychological treatments have been found to be useful for a significant number of cases, but up to 40% of patients do not respond to psychotherapy as expected. Artificial intelligence (AI) methods might enhance psychotherapy by providing therapists and patients with real- or close to real-time recommendations according to the patient\u2019s response to treatment. The goal of this investigation is to systematically review the evidence on the use of AI-based methods to enhance outcomes in psychological interventions in real-time or close to real-time. The search included studies indexed in the electronic databases Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. The terms used for the electronic search included variations of the words \u201cpsychotherapy\u201d, \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d, and \u201cemotional disorders\u201d. From the 85 full texts assessed, only 10 studies met our eligibility criteria. In these, the most frequently used AI technique was conversational AI agents, which are chatbots based on software that can be accessed online with a computer or a smartphone. Overall, the reviewed investigations indicated significant positive consequences of using AI to enhance psychotherapy and reduce clinical symptomatology. Additionally, most studies reported high satisfaction, engagement, and retention rates when implementing AI to enhance psychotherapy in real- or close to real-time. Despite the potential of AI to make interventions more flexible and tailored to patients\u2019 needs, more methodologically robust studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T09:00:13Z","timestamp":1656234013000},"page":"7737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Using Artificial Intelligence to Enhance Ongoing Psychological Interventions for Emotional Problems in Real- or Close to Real-Time: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8843-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Gual-Montolio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8001-911X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Ja\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2082-8115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Borba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1631-1220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Castilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality, Assessment, and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERON), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2655-1017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Suso-Ribera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon de la Plana, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bullis, J.R., Boettcher, H., Sauer-Zavala, S., and Barlow, D.H. 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