{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:05:34Z","timestamp":1792789534387,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Executive Unit for Funding Higher Education and University Scientific Research (UEFISCSU)","award":["57 PCCDI\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["57 PCCDI\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), and the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are all arboviruses belonging to Flaviviridae family. All are characterized by vectorial transmission and sometimes associated with neuroinvasive infections. The circulation of these viruses is considered endemic in parts of Europe, with human cases reported in many countries. Among hosts, the viruses are vectored by hematophagous arthropods, such as mosquitoes (WNV, USUV) and ticks (TBEV). Considering the currently outdated knowledge regarding the epidemiology of these viruses in Romania, the aim of our study was to assess the seroprevalence rates of WNV, USUV, and TBEV among healthy blood donors in north-western Romania. Methods: Human blood samples from healthy donors were collected between November 2019 and February 2020 in six counties from the north-western region of Romania. The samples were serologically tested by ELISA and serum neutralization test. Results: Overall, we obtained a seroprevalence of 3.17% for WNV, 0.08% for TBEV, and 0% for USUV. Conclusion: Despite the low seroprevalence of WNV, USUV, and TBEV in our study, we highlight the need for continuous nationwide vector and disease surveillance and implementation of control measures. Further research is required for an optimal overview of the epidemiological status of the Romanian population regarding these flaviviruses together with countrywide awareness campaigns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T11:15:05Z","timestamp":1656933305000},"page":"8182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Seroprevalence Rates against West Nile, Usutu, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in Blood-Donors from North-Western Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0772-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea","family":"Coroian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6076-7914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei Daniel","family":"Mihalca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-293X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Dobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 85748 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 85748 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Euringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 85748 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 85748 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Girl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 85748 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 85748 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia-Diana","family":"Bor\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4492-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsuzsa","family":"Kalm\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Epidemiology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta","family":"Tincu\u021ba Briciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirela","family":"Flonta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3339-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Topan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda Lelia","family":"R\u0103dulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3563-3719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei","family":"Ungur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela Sorina","family":"Lup\u0219e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cIuliu Ha\u021bieganu\u201d Cluj-Napoca, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.08.007","article-title":"Ongoing and emerging arbovirus 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