{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:37:47Z","timestamp":1774532267139,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Cooperation in Science and Technology grant: European Network on Brain Malformations (Neuro-MIG)","award":["CA16118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA16118"]}]},{"name":"EU Framework Program for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020","award":["CA16118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA16118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the neuronal mechanisms of action and cognition are related, the division of intellectual and physical lessons is standard in schools. This is surprising, because numerous studies show that integrating physical education (PE) with teaching content stimulates critical skills. For example, several experiments indicate that Eduball-based PE (i.e., lessons in a sports hall during which students play team mini-games with educational balls with printed letters, numbers, and other signs) develops mathematical and language competencies. At the same time, the Eduball method does not slow down learners\u2019 physical development. However, we have little knowledge about the effects of such techniques on non-native language learning. Consequently, the absence of incorporating core academic subjects into PE in dual-language schools or during foreign language education is exceptionally high. Here, we replicated the Eduball experiment, but with the goal of testing this method for non-native language learning. Thus, the intervention occurred in a dual-language primary school and we evaluated second language (L2) learning. As before, we used the technique of parallel groups (experimental and control); in both groups, there were three 45-min PE classes per week. In the experimental class, two of them were held using Eduball. After a half-year experiment, children from the experimental group (one second-grade, N = 14) improved their non-native language skills significantly more than their peers from the control group (one second-grade, N = 12). These findings demonstrate that Eduball-type intervention stimulates non-native language learning in children. Hence, our report suggests that specific body training forms can support L2 learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]],"date-time":"2022-07-04T11:15:05Z","timestamp":1656933305000},"page":"8192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Physical Education with Eduball Stimulates Non-Native Language Learning in Primary School Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6425-4139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Cichy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Mickiewicza 58, 51-684 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7834-2316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kruszwicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Szamarzewskiego 89, 60-568 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Palus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Mickiewicza 58, 51-684 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8309-6559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Przybyla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Szamarzewskiego 89, 60-568 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Schliermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty Social and Health Care Sciences, Regensburg University of Applied Sciences, Seybothstra\u00dfe 2, 93053 Regensburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3040-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Wawrzyniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Mickiewicza 58, 51-684 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1614-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Klichowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University, Szamarzewskiego 89, 60-568 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-811X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Rokita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Team Sports Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Mickiewicza 58, 51-684 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2012.01458.x","article-title":"Motor skills and school performance in children with daily physical education in school\u2014A 9-year intervention study","volume":"24","author":"Ericsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. 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