{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:20:08Z","timestamp":1782962408432,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective child protection systems and processes require reliable and accurate data. The aim of this study was to determine what data could be extracted from hospital records in a single site that reflected a child\u2019s journey from admission with suspected abuse to the decisions regarding substantiation made by the multidisciplinary child protection team. A retrospective study of the case records of 452 children referred to a major UK children\u2019s tertiary centre for suspected child maltreatment was undertaken. Child maltreatment was substantiated in 65% of referred cases, with the majority of referrals coming from children living in the most deprived neighbourhoods in the country. Domestic violence and abuse and the child\u2019s previous involvement with statutory bodies were associated with case substantiation. Physical abuse predominated, with soft tissue injuries, including dog bites and burns, most frequent. Burns were related almost exclusively to supervisory neglect. There were also cases of medical neglect. Emotional abuse was associated with exposure to domestic violence and abuse and to self-harm. The strengths and limitations for single-centre data systems were explored, concluding with a recommendation to establish an agreed national and international minimum data set to protect children from maltreatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T10:21:33Z","timestamp":1657016493000},"page":"8213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Typology and Topography of Child Abuse and Neglect: The Experience of a Tertiary Children\u2019s Centre"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Geoff","family":"Debelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham & Solihull NHS Clinical Commissioning Group, Birmingham B4 6AR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5811-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Efstathiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4551-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafiyah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Women and Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjit","family":"Summan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Women and Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7259-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Birmingham Women and Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61709-2","article-title":"Promotion of children\u2019s rights and prevention of child maltreatment","volume":"373","author":"Reading","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2596","article-title":"Typologies of Child Protection Systems: An International Approach","volume":"28","author":"Connolly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abus. 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