{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:50Z","timestamp":1787028350294,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41807474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41807474"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFD0501407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501407"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y2021CG08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021CG08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y2019LM02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2019LM02-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan Project","award":["41807474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41807474"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan Project","award":["2016YFD0501407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501407"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan Project","award":["Y2021CG08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021CG08"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Plan Project","award":["Y2019LM02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2019LM02-02"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["41807474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41807474"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["2016YFD0501407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0501407"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["Y2021CG08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2021CG08"]}]},{"name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund","award":["Y2019LM02-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y2019LM02-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scientific interest in pollution from veterinary antibiotics (VAs) on intensive animal farms has been increasing in recent years. However, limited information is available on the seasonal pollution characteristics and the associated ecological risks of VAs, especially about the different scale farms. Therefore, this study investigated the seasonal pollution status and ecological risks of 42 typical VAs (5 classes) on three different scale pig farms (breeding scales of about 30,000, 1200, and 300 heads, respectively) in Tianjin, China. The results showed that large-scale pig farms usually had the highest antibiotic pollution levels, followed by small-scale pig farms and medium-scale pig farms. Among different seasons, antibiotic contamination was more severe in winter and spring than that in the other seasons. Tetracyclines (TCs) usually had higher proportions (over 51.46%) and the residual concentration detected in manure, and wastewater samples ranged from not detected (ND)-1132.64 mg\/kg and ND-1692.50 \u03bcg\/L, respectively, which all occurred for oxytetracycline (OTC) during winter. For the antibiotic ecological risks in the effluent, we found high-risk level of 12 selected VAs accounted for 58% in spring, and 7 kinds of VAs were selected in the amended soil, but nearly all the antibiotics had no obvious ecological risks except OTC (spring and summer). All these data provided an insight into the seasonal variability and the associated ecological risks of antibiotics on intensive pig farms, which can provide scientific guidance on decreasing antibiotic contamination to enhance environmental security in similar areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T09:41:10Z","timestamp":1657100470000},"page":"8264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Seasonal Pollution Characteristics of Antibiotics on Pig Farms of Different Scales"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Delin","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150036, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suli","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China"},{"name":"China-UK Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Joint Research Centre, Tianjin 300191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.231","article-title":"Uptake of the veterinary antibiotics chlortetracycline, enrofloxacin, and sulphathiazole from soil by radish","volume":"605","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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