{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:40:53Z","timestamp":1791895253223,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to analyse the effect of copper nanoparticles of similar particle size of Cu and CuO and copper ions (CuSO4) on the motility parameters of rainbow trout spermatozoa after long-term exposure and compare its harmful effect. Nanoproducts of Cu and CuO (Cu NPs, CuO NPs) of primary particle size around 50 nm and ionic solution of CuSO4 were used for the study. Suspension of concentrations 0, 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg Cu\u00b7L\u22121 of Cu NPs, CuO NPs, and CuSO4 was dissolved in an artificial seminal plasma. Milt was mixed with the prepared solution and stored in a fridge, at 6 \u00b0C, for 96 h. At the defined incubation time, spermatozoa were activated for movement, and six motility parameters were evaluated using an automated system (CASA). Increasing concentrations of Cu NPs, CuO NPs, and CuSO4 in an incubation medium in parallel decreased the percentage of motile sperm (MOT). The effect of Cu NPs and ionic copper on MOT was more deleterious than that of CuO NPs. Copper products slightly increased the velocity (VCL) compared to the control, particularly up to 24 h of storage. Linearity (LIN) was improved by three tested products, particularly CuO NPs. Generally, the motility duration was prolonged when the sperm was incubated with copper products compared to the control. Nanoproducts made from different compounds of the same elements of similar particle size have a different effect on cells. Cu NPs were more harmful than CuO NPs. The effect of Cu NPs was similar to an ionic form of CuSO4. When incubated, the copper nanoproducts and ionic form exert a slightly positive effect on spermatozoa velocity, linearity, and motility duration, particularly up to 24 h of storage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T03:50:36Z","timestamp":1657597836000},"page":"8486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Effect of Copper and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) Spermatozoa Motility after Incubation with Contaminants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Garncarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Doctoral School, University of Szczecin, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7439-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Dziewulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9614-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Kowalska-G\u00f3ralska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Limnology and Fishery, Institute of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1999.1801","article-title":"Histological changes and copper accumulation in liver and gills of the senegales sole, Solea senegalensis","volume":"44","author":"Arellano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.14.2229","article-title":"The resting membrane potential of white muscle from brown trout (Salmo trutta) exposed to copper in soft, acidic water","volume":"203","author":"Beaumont","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2014.08.001","article-title":"Toxicity and bioaccumulation of sediment-associated silver nanoparticles in the estuarine polychaete, Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor","volume":"156","author":"Cong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.06.033","article-title":"Natural water as the test medium for Ag and CuO nanoparticle hazard evaluation: An interlaboratory case study","volume":"216","author":"Heinlaan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1021\/tx800064j","article-title":"Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: A comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes","volume":"21","author":"Karlsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.09.086","article-title":"Nano-copper induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in kidney via both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways","volume":"290","author":"Sarkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.05.016","article-title":"Toxicity of environmental contaminants to fish spermatozoa function in vitro\u2014A review","volume":"140\u2013141","author":"Hatef","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/39554","article-title":"Biocidal properties of silver-nanoparticles in water environments","volume":"24","author":"Senze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska-G\u00f3ralska, M., Senze, M., \u0141uczy\u0144ska, J., and Czy\u017c, K. (2020). Effects of the ionic and nanoparticle forms of Cu and Ag on these metals\u2019 bioaccumulation in the eggs and fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176392"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1382-6689(02)00126-6","article-title":"Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: A review","volume":"13","author":"Beyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.09.008","article-title":"Effect of pH and cation concentrations on spermatozoan motility of sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta L.)","volume":"79","author":"Dziewulska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"44","article-title":"Spermatozoal traits and sperm competition in Atlantic salmon: Relative sperm velocity is the primary determinant of fertilization success","volume":"14","author":"Gage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.08.001","article-title":"Fish sperm subpopulations: Changes after cryopreservation process and relationship with fertilization success in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum)","volume":"87","author":"Gallego","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2008.01145.x","article-title":"Relationships between morphology, motility and fertilization capacity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa","volume":"24","author":"Tuset","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ichthyol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00159-8","article-title":"Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients","volume":"189","author":"Gaetke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.08.017","article-title":"Ecotoxicity of nanoparticles of CuO and ZnO in natural water","volume":"158","author":"Blinova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2004.04.026","article-title":"Comparative study on the susceptibility of freshwater species to copper-based pesticides","volume":"56","author":"Lopes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-002-0116-8","article-title":"A comparison of the daphnids Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia ambigua for their utilization in routine toxicity testing in the Southeastern United States","volume":"45","author":"Harmon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.11.047","article-title":"Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus","volume":"71","author":"Heinlaan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s002440010126","article-title":"Toxicity and bioavailability of copper herbicides (Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate) to freshwater animals","volume":"39","author":"Mastin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.03.009","article-title":"Physiological effects of nanoparticles on fish: A comparison of nanometals versus metal ions","volume":"37","author":"Shaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garncarek, M., Kowalska-G\u00f3ralska, M., Senze, M., and Czy\u017c, K. (2019). The influence of available Cu and Au nanoparticles (NPs) on the survival of water fleas (Daphnia pulex). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193617"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.03.013","article-title":"Effect of copper nanoparticles and ions on spermatozoa motility of sea trout (Salmo trutta m.trutta L.)","volume":"211","author":"Dziewulska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1897\/08-002.1","article-title":"Effects of particle composition and species on toxicity of metallic nanomaterials in aquatic organisms","volume":"27","author":"Griffitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"29","article-title":"Nanoparticles ecotoxicity on Daphnia magna","volume":"18","author":"Khoshnood","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transylv. Rev. Syst. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Sovov\u00e1, T., Koc\u00ed, V., and Koch\u00e1nkov\u00e1, L. (2009, January 20\u201322). Ecotoxicity of nano and bulk forms of metal oxides. Proceedings of the NANOCON Conference, Roznov Pod Radhostem, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.05.066","article-title":"Acute toxicity of Ag and CuO nanoparticle suspensions against Daphnia magna: The importance of their dissolved fraction varying with preparation methods","volume":"227\u2013228","author":"Jo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"209","article-title":"Toxicity of nanoscale CuO and ZnO to Daphnia magna","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Chin."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"139","article-title":"Effects of ZnO, CuO, Au, and TiO2 nanoparticles on Daphnia magna and early life stages of zebrafish Danio rerio","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Prot. Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.715","article-title":"Toxicity of copper oxide nanoparticle suspensions to aquatic biota","volume":"31","author":"Caillet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.01.078","article-title":"Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of model nanoparticles","volume":"75","author":"Barrena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2008.05.063","article-title":"Facile preparation and characterization of highly antimicrobial colloid Ag or Au nanoparticles","volume":"325","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2013.11.014","article-title":"Impacts of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on marine organisms","volume":"186","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.10.005","article-title":"Histopathological effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on the organs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"126","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1079-4","article-title":"Toxicity of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles to selected environmentally relevant test organisms and mammalian cells in vitro: A critical review","volume":"87","author":"Bondarenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.6.183","article-title":"NanoE-Tox: New and in-depth database concerning ecotoxicity of nanomaterials","volume":"6","author":"Juganson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.726","article-title":"Potential scenarios for nanomaterial release and subsequent alteration in the environment","volume":"31","author":"Nowack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2012.02.032","article-title":"Effects of waterborne copper nanoparticles and copper sulphate on rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Physiol","volume":"116\u2013117","author":"Shaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accumulation. Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8178","DOI":"10.1021\/es071235e","article-title":"Exposure to copper nanoparticles causes gill injury and acute lethality in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"41","author":"Griffitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2007.2862.2867","article-title":"Effects of in vivo and in vitro zinc and cadmium treatment on sperm steroidogenesis of the African catfish Clarias gairepinus","volume":"10","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-018-0541-x","article-title":"In vitro toxicology test system based on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm analysis","volume":"44","author":"Csorbai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2015.10.001","article-title":"The in vitro effect of cypermethrin on quality and oxidative stress indices of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss spermatozoa","volume":"128","author":"Kutluyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S1642-431X(12)60033-3","article-title":"The effect of copper, zinc, mercury and cadmium on some sperm enzyme activities in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)","volume":"9","author":"Sarosiek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736647","article-title":"Using fish spermatozoa in in vitro toxicity tests: A potential toxicology tool","volume":"539","author":"Shaliutina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"7433","article-title":"The in vitro effect of silica nanoparticles on spermatozoon of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)","volume":"27","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.06.002","article-title":"The in vitro toxicity analysis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on kinematics and biochemical quality of rainbow trout sperm cells","volume":"62","author":"Ulu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr, M.E., Ulu, A., Balc\u0131o\u011flu, S., \u00d6zcan, \u0130., K\u00f6ytepe, S., and Ate\u015f, B. (2018). The toxicity assessment of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles on physical and biochemical quality of rainbow trout spermatozoon. Toxics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6040062"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.4194\/1303-2712-v18_6_03","article-title":"Investigation of toxicity properties of flower-like ZnO nanoparticles on Cyprinus carpio sperm cells using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA)","volume":"18","author":"Ozgur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.2007.01322.x","article-title":"Characterization of sperm motility in sea bass: The effect of heavy metals and physicochemical variables on sperm motility","volume":"70","author":"Abascal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"5","article-title":"The influence of zinc on sperm motility of common carp\u2014A computer assisted studies","volume":"8","author":"Chyb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Pol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2009.12.010","article-title":"Exposure of rainbow trout milt to mercury and cadmium alters sperm motility parameters and reproductive success","volume":"97","author":"Dietrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(96)00806-5","article-title":"Use of computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA) for monitoring the effects of pollution on sperm quality of fish; application to the effects of heavy metals","volume":"36","author":"Kime","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-1112.2004.00528.x","article-title":"The effect of inorganic and organic pollutants on sperm motility of some freshwater teleosts","volume":"65","author":"Lahnsteiner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.09.005","article-title":"Influence of environmental related concentrations of heavy metals on motility parameters and antioxidant responses in sturgeon sperm","volume":"188","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.136.1.13","article-title":"Induction of potential for sperm motility by bicarbonate and pH in rainbow trout and chum salmon","volume":"136","author":"Morisawa","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(85)90202-7","article-title":"The effect of metals and cyanide on fertilization in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)","volume":"19","author":"Billard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"173","article-title":"Computer-assisted analysis (CASA) of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. Spermatozoa motility in the presence of cadmium","volume":"9","author":"Chyb","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Pol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"51","article-title":"The influence of mercury on computer analyzed sperm motility of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in vitro","volume":"9","author":"Chyb","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Pol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(87)90107-2","article-title":"Toxic effects of mercuric chloride on sperm and egg viability of two populations of mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus","volume":"48","author":"Khan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01684762","article-title":"Toxicity of methyl mercury for steelhead trout sperm","volume":"9","author":"McIntyre","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"402","article-title":"The minimum effective spermatozoa: Egg ratio for artificial insemination and the effects of mercury on sperm motility and fertilization ability in Clarias gariepinus","volume":"53","author":"Rurangwa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15641","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-04941-5","article-title":"Investigation of toxic effects of amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles on motility and oxidative stress markers in rainbow trout sperm cells","volume":"26","author":"Ulu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2615","article-title":"Toxicity of different-sized copper nano- and submicron particles and their shed copper ions to zebrafish embryos","volume":"33","author":"Hua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"783021","article-title":"A comparison effect of copper nanoparticles versus copper sulphate on juvenile Epinephelus coioides: Growth parameters, digestive enzymes, body composition, and histology as biomarkers","volume":"2015","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Genom."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2014.04.003","article-title":"Impaired behavioural response to alarm substance in rainbow trout exposed to copper nanoparticles","volume":"152","author":"Boyle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/14\/8486\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:48:28Z","timestamp":1760140108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/14\/8486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19148486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19148486","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]}}}