{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:05:24Z","timestamp":1792177524301,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Svenskt Vatten","award":["20-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-102"]}]},{"name":"Svenskt Vatten","award":["2020-02710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-02710"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development","award":["20-102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-102"]}]},{"name":"Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development","award":["2020-02710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-02710"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irradiation with ultraviolet light (UV) at 254 nm is effective in inactivating a wide range of human pathogens. In Sweden, a UV dose of 400 J\/m2 is often used for the treatment of drinking water. To investigate its effect on virus inactivation, enteric viruses with different genomic organizations were irradiated with three UV doses (400, 600, and 1000 J\/m2), after which their viability on cell cultures was examined. Adenovirus type 2 (double-stranded DNA), simian rotavirus 11 (double-stranded RNA), and echovirus 30 (single-stranded RNA) were suspended in tap water and pumped into a laboratory-scale Aquada 1 UV reactor. Echovirus 30 was reduced by 3.6-log10 by a UV dose of 400 J\/m2. Simian rotavirus 11 and adenovirus type 2 were more UV resistant with only 1-log10 reduction at 400 J\/m2 and needed 600 J\/m2 for 2.9-log10 and 3.1-log10 reductions, respectively. There was no significant increase in the reduction of viral viability at higher UV doses, which may indicate the presence of UV-resistant viruses. These results show that higher UV doses than those usually used in Swedish drinking water treatment plants should be considered in combination with other barriers to disinfect the water when there is a risk of fecal contamination of the water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T22:57:06Z","timestamp":1658098626000},"page":"8669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The UV Dose Used for Disinfection of Drinking Water in Sweden Inadequately Inactivates Enteric Virus with Double-Stranded Genomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Fredy","family":"Saguti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianela Patzi","family":"Churqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Kjellberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G\u00f6teborgs Stad Kretslopp och Vatten, 424 23 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9425-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland Region, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Ottoson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Risk and Benefit Assessment, Swedish Food Agency, 751 26 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Water Resources Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olof","family":"Bergstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"G\u00f6teborgs Stad Kretslopp och Vatten, 424 23 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7528-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hel\u00e9ne","family":"Norder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland Region, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Nystr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland Region, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9030895","article-title":"Diversity in the enteric viruses detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis from Mumbai, Western India","volume":"9","author":"Chitambar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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