{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T15:27:13Z","timestamp":1773674833270,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FONDECYT-INICIACI\u00d3N","award":["11150599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11150599"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Little is known about the interaction between the nasopharyngeal bacterial profile and the nutritional status in children. In this study, our main goal was to evaluate the associations between overnutrition and the presence of four potentially pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx of infants with viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). In addition, we determined whether changes in the nasopharyngeal bacterial profile were associated with mucosal and serum proinflammatory cytokines and with clinical disease severity. Methods: We enrolled 116 children less than 2 years old hospitalized for viral LRTI during two consecutive respiratory seasons (May 2016 to August 2017); their nutritional status was assessed, and nasopharyngeal and blood samples were obtained. S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and respiratory viruses were identified in nasopharyngeal samples by qPCR. Cytokine concentrations were measured in nasopharyngeal and blood samples. Disease severity was assessed by the length of hospitalization and oxygen therapy. Results: Nasopharyngeal pathogenic bacteria were identified in 96.6% of the enrolled children, and 80% of them tested positive for two or more bacteria. The presence and loads of M. catarrhalis was higher (p = 0.001 and p = 0.022, respectively) in children with overnutrition (n = 47) compared with those with normal weights (n = 69). In addition, the detection of &gt;2 bacteria was more frequent in children with overnutrition compared to those with normal weight (p = 0.02). Multivariate regression models showed that the presence and loads of S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis were associated with higher concentrations of IL-6 in plasma and TNF-\u03b1 in mucosal samples in children with overnutrition. Conclusions: The nasopharyngeal profile of young children with overnutrition was characterized by an over representation of pathogenic bacteria and proinflammatory cytokines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T08:28:25Z","timestamp":1658219305000},"page":"8781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Overnutrition, Nasopharyngeal Pathogenic Bacteria and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Infants with Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Guisselle","family":"Arias-Bravo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gustavo","family":"Valderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urgencia Materno-Infantil, Cl\u00ednica D\u00e1vila, Santiago 8431657, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Inostroza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Jeffrey Modell para Diagn\u00f3stico e Investigaci\u00f3n en Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica, Cl\u00ednica D\u00e1vila, Santiago 8431657, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2563-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Toro-Ascuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Octavio","family":"Ramilo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital\u2014The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paz","family":"Orellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Cifuentes-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Zorondo-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gesti\u00f3n Agraria, Facultad Tecnol\u00f3gica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170125, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5983-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asunci\u00f3n","family":"Mejias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital\u2014The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loreto","family":"Fuenzalida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00044","article-title":"Overnutrition in Infants Is Associated With High Level of Leptin, Viral Coinfection and Increased Severity of Respiratory Infections: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"8","author":"Valderrama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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