{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:49Z","timestamp":1787028349412,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation of the Pulmonary Diseases"},{"name":"Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas Foundation"},{"name":"V\u00e4in\u00f6 and Laina Kivi Foundation"},{"name":"Finnish Anti-Tuberculosis Association Foundation"},{"name":"University of Oulu strategic funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Poor asthma control increases the occurrence of cold weather-related symptoms among adult asthmatics. We assessed whether the subtype of asthma, taking into account the severity of the asthma, plays a role in these symptoms. (2) We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study of 1995 adult asthmatics (response rate 40.4%) living in northern Finland using a questionnaire that asked about cold weather-related respiratory symptoms including (1) shortness of breath, (2) prolonged cough, (3) wheezing, (4) phlegm production, and (5) chest pain, as well as questions related to the subtype of asthma. For women, the subtypes identified using latent class analysis were: (1) Controlled, mild asthma, (2) Partly controlled, moderate asthma, (3) Uncontrolled, unknown severity, and (4) Uncontrolled, severe asthma, and for men: (1) Controlled, mild asthma, (2) Uncontrolled, unknown severity, and (3) Partly controlled, severe asthma. (3) According to the subtypes of asthma, more severe and more poorly controlled asthma were related to the increased prevalence of cold weather-related respiratory symptoms when compared with those with mild, controlled asthma. This trend was especially clear for wheezing and chest pain. For example, in men, the adjusted prevalence ratio of wheezing was 1.55 (95% CI 1.09\u20132.19) in uncontrolled asthma with unknown severity and 1.84 (95% CI 1.26\u20132.71) in partly controlled severe asthma compared with controlled, mild asthma. (4) Our study provides evidence for the influence of subtypes of asthma on experiencing cold weather-related respiratory symptoms. Both women and men reported more cold weather-related symptoms when their asthma was more severe and uncontrolled compared with those who had mild and well-controlled asthma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T23:10:22Z","timestamp":1658272222000},"page":"8790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Subtypes of Asthma and Cold Weather-Related Respiratory Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Henna","family":"Hyrk\u00e4s-Palmu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maritta S.","family":"Jaakkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina M. S.","family":"M\u00e4kikyr\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4168-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jouni J. K.","family":"Jaakkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, October 01). The Global Initiative for Asthma, Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention (2021 Update). Available online: https:\/\/ginasthma.org\/gina-reports\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12136","article-title":"Three phenotypes of adult-onset asthma","volume":"68","author":"Amelink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Eur. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brew, B.K., Chiesa, F., Lundholm, C., \u00d6rtqvist, A., and Almqvist, C. (2019). A modern approach to identifying and characterizing child asthma and wheeze phenotypes based on clinical data. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227091"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s41030-016-0017-z","article-title":"Identification of asthma subtypes using clustering methodologies","volume":"2","author":"Deliu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pulm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-015-0542-0","article-title":"Distinguishing asthma phenotypes using machine learning approaches","volume":"15","author":"Howard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.10.019","article-title":"Asthma and allergic rhinitis increase respiratory symptoms in cold weather among young adults","volume":"108","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. 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