{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T14:47:20Z","timestamp":1777301240244,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation","award":["658244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["658244"]}]},{"name":"S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation","award":["UOO1623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UOO1623"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["658244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["658244"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["UOO1623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UOO1623"]}]},{"name":"Royal Society of New Zealand","award":["658244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["658244"]}]},{"name":"Royal Society of New Zealand","award":["UOO1623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UOO1623"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Normalisation theory made perfect sense at the onset of de-institutionalisation. To map its influence on mental health facilities, research was conducted and began with ten facilities within England (UK) and France, followed by a further two in England and four in New Zealand. A checklist tailored to mental health facilities was used to measure the extent to which the facility looked domestic or institutional. Hence, the mental health checklist architecturally measured domesticity versus institutionalisation in psychiatric architecture. It consisted of 212 features, grouped into three main categories\u2014context and site; building; and space and room\u2014and was based on a pre-existing checklist designed for hostels for those with learning disabilities. The mental health checklist was developed and piloted in Europe and reflected European de-institutionalisation principles. Cross-country comparison revealed that patient acuity was potentially not a determinant of institutional buildings for mental health. Institutional facilities in France were detected, and some of the most domestic facilities were within England, with the most recent sample having a greater tendency towards the more institutional end. Those in New Zealand tended towards the most institutional. Across all 16 facilities, there were very few universal institutional and domestic features, raising the ambiguity of a clearly defined stereotype of facilities for mental health service users. Consequently, the current fluidity of design across and within countries provides a significant opportunity for designers and mental health providers to consider non-institutional design, particularly at the planning stage. The use of the mental health checklist facilitates this debate. Future research in other geographical areas and through further consideration of cultural differences provides further opportunities to extend research in this area, with the potential to enhance and improve the lived experience of users of mental health services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T11:22:24Z","timestamp":1658316144000},"page":"8832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Decoding the Psychiatric Space: Cross Country Comparison of Facilities for Mental Health Service Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7894-6053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Chrysikou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Bartlett School of Sustainable Construction, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleftheria","family":"Savvopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Biddulph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7901-8876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Jenkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington 6242, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1352\/1934-9556-49.6.435","article-title":"Social Role Valorization: A Proposed New Term for the Principle of Normalization","volume":"49","author":"Wolfensberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intellect. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kandylis, D. The Return from the Asylum of Leros in the Society of Larissa, Wres. n.d."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Markus, T. (1993). Buildings and Power: Freedom and Control in the Origin of Modern Building Types, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"245","article-title":"From the asylum to community care: Learning from experience","volume":"79\u201380","author":"Killaspy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Chrysikou, E. (2014). Architecture for Psychiatric Environments and Therapeutic Spaces, IOS Press."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Duerk, D., and Campbell, D. (1984). A role for the architect in the environment- behavior research. The Challenge of Diversity, EDRA."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Chrysikou, E., and Spear, S. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2022, March 30). HBN 35 Accommodation for People with Mental Illness. Part 3: Case Studies. Available online: https:\/\/www.thenbs.com\/PublicationIndex\/documents\/details?Pub=NHS&DocID=247795."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/1065912907313077","article-title":"Case Selection Techniques in Case Study Research: A Menu of Qualitative and Quantitative Options","volume":"61","author":"Seawright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polit. Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2022, February 25). World Health Organisation. Available online: https:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/en\/health-topics\/noncommunicable-diseases\/mental-health\/priority-areas\/services-and-deinstitutionalization."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrysikou, E. (2019). Psychiatric institutions and the physical environment: Combining medical architecture methodologies and architectural morphology to increase our understanding. J. Healthc. Eng., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4076259"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Goffman, E. (1961). Asylum, Anchor Books."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/14\/8832\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:02Z","timestamp":1760140502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/14\/8832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19148832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19148832","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]]}}}