{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:22:12Z","timestamp":1789662132964,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP2DA049295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DA049295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA023356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA023356"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NHMRC Investigator Fellowship","award":["DP2DA049295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DA049295"]}]},{"name":"NHMRC Investigator Fellowship","award":["DA023356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA023356"]}]},{"name":"NIDA T32 fellowship","award":["DP2DA049295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DA049295"]}]},{"name":"NIDA T32 fellowship","award":["DA023356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA023356"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec Research Scholar award","award":["DP2DA049295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP2DA049295"]}]},{"name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec Research Scholar award","award":["DA023356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA023356"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We carried out a scoping review to characterize the primary quantitative evidence addressing changes in key individual\/structural determinants of substance use risks and health outcomes over the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (US). We systematically queried the LitCovid database for US-only studies without date restrictions (up to 6 August 2021). We extracted quantitative data from articles addressing changes in: (a) illicit substance use frequency\/contexts\/behaviors, (b) illicit drug market dynamics, (c) access to treatment and harm reduction services, and (d) illicit substance use-related health outcomes\/harms. The majority of 37 selected articles were conducted within metropolitan locations and leveraged historical timeseries medical records data. Limited available evidence supported changes in frequency\/behaviors\/contexts of substance use. Few studies point to increases in fentanyl and reductions in heroin availability. Policy-driven interventions to lower drug use treatment thresholds conferred increased access within localized settings but did not seem to significantly prevent broader disruptions nationwide. Substance use-related emergency medical services\u2019 presentations and fatal overdose data showed a worsening situation. Improved study designs\/data sources, backed by enhanced routine monitoring of illicit substance use trends, are needed to characterize substance use-related risks and inform effective responses during public health emergencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T22:38:50Z","timestamp":1658443130000},"page":"8883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Illicit Substance Use and the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States: A Scoping Review and Characterization of Research Evidence in Unprecedented Times"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3468-2674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anh Truc","family":"Vo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Patton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Drug & Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Larney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6033-9837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annick","family":"Borquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2020.108158","article-title":"A Clash of Epidemics: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Response on Opioid Overdose","volume":"120","author":"Linas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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