{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T05:15:26Z","timestamp":1762060526699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Baltic Game Industry\u2014Empowering a Booster for Regional Development","award":["002\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["002\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002\/RID\/2018\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the high global incidence and disabling nature of alcohol use disorders, alongside high relapse rates, we sought to investigate potential predictors of abstinence, considered a prerequisite of full remission. With an aim to examine (i) the effect of personality, alcohol abstinence self-efficacy, and depressive symptomatology on abstinence status as our primary objective, and (ii) interactions between these three factors, as well as (iii) their changes over time as two secondary objectives, we recruited 51 inpatients at an alcohol rehabilitation center to complete the International Personality Item Pool, the Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, and to provide information on abstinence attainment 2 months post-treatment. Although regression analyses revealed no evidence for the effect of the investigated factors (personality, self-efficacy, or depressive symptoms) on post-therapy abstinence, other findings emerged, demonstrating (i) a significant reduction in the severity of depressive symptoms, (ii) the effect of personality and alcohol abstinence self-efficacy on depressive symptom severity, and (iii) the role of personality in predicting the temptation to use alcohol in recovering drinkers. These preliminary indications of links between personality, self-efficacy, and subjective well-being mark a promising area for future research on powerful and relevant cues of relapse and abstinence efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T21:20:59Z","timestamp":1658784059000},"page":"9023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Do Personality, Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy, and Depressive Symptomatology Affect Abstinence Status in Treatment-Seeking Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2027-2663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zofia","family":"Lebiecka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4658-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest","family":"Tyburski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Skoneczny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1438-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Samochowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"J\u0119drzejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8063-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Kucharska-Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106128","article-title":"The epidemiology of alcohol use disorders cross-nationally: Findings from the World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"102","author":"Glantz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17080915","article-title":"The Importance of Identifying Characteristics Underlying the Vulnerability to Develop Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"174","author":"Petrakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.3.01","article-title":"What Is Recovery?","volume":"40","author":"Witkiewitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"18","article-title":"Personality Traits and Coping Compensate for Disadvantageous Decision-making in Long-term Alcohol Abstinence","volume":"47","author":"Must","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.521","article-title":"Temptation Minus Self-Efficacy in Alcohol Relapse: A Project MATCH Follow-Up","volume":"77","author":"Shaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"WHO (2019). International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision, WHO."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1988.tb00232.x","article-title":"Childhood Personality Predicts Alcohol Abuse in Young Adults","volume":"12","author":"Cloninger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.2.189","article-title":"Are there inherited behavioral traits that predispose to substance abuse?","volume":"56","author":"Tarter","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"John, O.P., Robins, R.W., and Pervin, L.A. (2008). Paradigm shift to the integrative big-five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and conceptual issues. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.2190\/DE.37.3.d","article-title":"Alcohol Involvement and the Five-Factor Model of Personality: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Malouff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Drug Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agab030","article-title":"Linking Big Five Personality Domains and Facets to Alcohol (Mis)Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"57","author":"Lui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2010.03.006","article-title":"Les apports du mod\u00e8le des cinq grands facteurs dans le domaine de l\u2019alcoolod\u00e9pendance","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000147469","article-title":"Personality Traits Predict Treatment Outcome in Alcohol-Dependent Patients","volume":"57","author":"Weijers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agv122","article-title":"Personality Predictors of Drinking Outcomes in Depressed Alcohol-Dependent Patients","volume":"51","author":"Foulds","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14713","article-title":"Integrative data analysis of self-efficacy in 4 clinical trials for alcohol use disorder","volume":"45","author":"Kruger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: Towards a unifying theory of behavioral Change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.37.2.122","article-title":"Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency","volume":"37","author":"Bandura","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00138","article-title":"A sociocognitive analysis of Substance abuse: An agentic perspective","volume":"10","author":"Bandura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0899-3289(93)90006-W","article-title":"The importance of alcohol expectancies and drinking refusal self-efficacy in the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1989.50.354","article-title":"Self-efficacy and relapse among inpatient drug and alcohol abusers: A predictor of outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Burling","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"313","article-title":"End-of-treatment self-efficacy: A predictor of abstinence","volume":"92","author":"Goldbeck","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2000.61.345","article-title":"The relationship of self-efficacy expectancies to relapse among alcohol dependent men and women: A prospective study","volume":"61","author":"Greenfield","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.6.1175","article-title":"Abstinence Self-Efficacy and Abstinence 1 Year After Substance Use Disorder Treatment","volume":"73","author":"Ilgen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12649","article-title":"The Indirect Effect of the Therapeutic Alliance and Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy on Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems in Project MATCH","volume":"39","author":"Maisto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/07347324.2012.718960","article-title":"The effects of self-regulation and self-efficacy on substance use abstinence","volume":"30","author":"Chavarria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol. Treat. Q."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106633","article-title":"Characterizing the role of impaired control over alcohol in associations of impulsive personality traits with alcohol use as a function of depressive disorder","volume":"112","author":"Zaso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x","article-title":"Alcohol and depression","volume":"106","author":"Boden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation (2022, January 23). Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). Available online: http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool?params=gbd-api-2019-permalink\/d780dffbe8a381b25e1416884959e88b."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4602","article-title":"Epidemiology of adult DSM-5 major depressive disorder and its specifiers in the United States","volume":"75","author":"Hasin","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.110","article-title":"Neurocircuitry of Addiction","volume":"35","author":"Koob","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017129","article-title":"Alcohol-induced disinhibition expectancies and impaired control as prospective predictors of problem drinking in undergraduates","volume":"23","author":"Leeman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"Santomauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20190430-01","article-title":"Virtual Reality for Individuals With Substance Use Disorders","volume":"57","author":"Worley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mellentin, A.I., Nielsen, A.S., Ascone, L., Wirtz, J., Samochowiec, J., Kucharska-Mazur, J., Schadow, F., Lebiecka, Z., Skoneczny, T., and Mistarz, N. (2020). A randomized controlled trial of a virtual reality based, approach-avoidance training program for alcohol use disorder: A study protocol. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02739-1"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Sheehan, D.V. (2015). Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 7.0, Medical Outcomes Systems."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"7","article-title":"A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Mervielde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Personality Psychology in Europe"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Costa, P.T., and McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual, Psychological Assessment Resources."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.141","article-title":"The Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy scale","volume":"55","author":"DiClemente","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13","article-title":"Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and-II in Psychiatric Outpatients","volume":"67","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson Educational International. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(97)00159-1","article-title":"On the use of confirmatory factor analysis in personality research","volume":"24","author":"Raykov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Joreskog, K.G., and Sorbom, D. (1986). LISREL VI: Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships by Maximum Likelihood, Instrumental Variables, and Least Squares Methods, Scientific Software."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"66","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Model."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2004.07.013","article-title":"Impact of different personality dimensions (NEO Five-Factor Inventory) on the outcome of alcohol-dependent patients 6 and 12 months after treatment","volume":"136","author":"Bottlender","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13810","article-title":"Dimensional personality traits and alcohol treatment outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"112","author":"Foulds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agn047","article-title":"Using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) to Predict Outcome after Inpatient Detoxification during 100 Days of Outpatient Treatment","volume":"43","author":"Arnau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.07.032","article-title":"The role of self-efficacy in the treatment of substance use disorders","volume":"36","author":"Kadden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000065","article-title":"Reward Sensitivity, Decisional Bias, and Metacognitive Deficits in Cocaine Drug Addiction","volume":"8","author":"Balconi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.3.259","article-title":"The effect of depression on return to drinking: A prospective study","volume":"55","author":"Greenfield","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"144","article-title":"The effects of major depression on alcoholism: Five-year course","volume":"5","author":"Hasin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.4.375","article-title":"Effects of major depression on remission and relapse of substance dependence","volume":"59","author":"Hasin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290020027006","article-title":"Heterogeneity of psychiatric diagnosis in treated opiate addicts","volume":"39","author":"Rounsaville","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.12.005","article-title":"The role of depression symptoms in predicting drug abstinence in outpatient substance abuse treatment","volume":"28","author":"Dodge","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000459","article-title":"Aspects of extraversion and their associations with psychopathology","volume":"128","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000051","article-title":"Extraversion and psychopathology: A facet-level analysis","volume":"124","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000096","article-title":"The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power","volume":"113","author":"Soto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Brogaard, B. (2022, January 23). The Introvert Advantage During Lockdown. Available online: https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/intl\/blog\/the-mysteries-love\/202003\/the-introvert-advantage-during-lockdown."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Brooks, C., and Moser, J. (2022, January 23). Surviving or Thriving?. Enduring COVID-19 as an Introvert and Extrovert, Available online: https:\/\/msutoday.msu.edu\/news\/2020\/surviving-or-thriving-enduring-covid-19-as-an-introvert-and-extrovert\/."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Smillie, L.D., and Haslam, N. (2020). Personalities That Thrive in Isolation and What We Can All Learn from Time Alone, The Conversation."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Steele, J. (2020). Be Proactive about Mental Health During COVID Isolation, Clinical Psychologist Says, The University of Alabama in Huntsville."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"P\u0142omecka, M.B., Gobbi, S., Neckels, R., Radzi\u0144ski, P., Sk\u00f3rko, B., Lazzeri, S., Lazzeri, S., Almazidou, K., Dedi\u0107, A., and Bakalovi\u0107, A. (2022, January 23). Mental Health Impact of COVID-19: A Global Study of Risk and Resilience Factors. Available online: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.05.05.20092023v1.full.pdf."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.365","article-title":"Did Social Connection Decline During the First Wave of COVID-19? The Role of Extraversion","volume":"6","author":"Folk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Collabra Psychol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Elmer, T., Mepham, K., and Stadtfeld, C. (2022, January 23). Students under Lockdown: Assessing Change in Students\u2019 Social Networks and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Crisis. Available online: https:\/\/psyarxiv.com\/ua6tq\/."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200458","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.200458","article-title":"Motivation and preference in isolation: A test of their different influences on responses to self-isolation during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Weinstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550612444320","article-title":"Person and thing orientations: Psychological correlates and predictive utility","volume":"4","author":"Woodcock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Pers. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2009.01.007","article-title":"What you wish is what you get? The meaning of individual variability in desired affect and affective discrepancy","volume":"43","author":"Mitte","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2020.103933","article-title":"Personality and space: Introversion and seclusion","volume":"85","author":"Oishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568907","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.568907","article-title":"Extraversion Moderates the Relationship Between the Stringency of COVID-19 Protective Measures and Depressive Symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Wijngaards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00156-1","article-title":"Discrepancies between self and observer ratings of depression: The relationship to demographic, clinical and personality variables","volume":"60","author":"Enns","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"578","article-title":"Modelling the contribution of the Big Five personality traits, health anxiety, and COVID-19 psychological distress to generalised anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"279","author":"Marino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Yao, L., Liu, L., Yang, X., Wu, H., Wang, J., and Wang, L. (2014). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between Big five personality and depressive symptoms among Chinese unemployed population: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-61"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2017.1407981","article-title":"Personality and its Relationship to Depression and Cognition in Older Adults: Implications for Practice","volume":"41","author":"Sadeq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"138","article-title":"Influence of personality traits on clinical outcomes in depressive patients","volume":"48","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Shandong Univ."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"91","article-title":"Relationship between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety, depression, worry and social avoidance in a normal sample of students","volume":"5","author":"Tahmassian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Psychiatry Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867411428390","article-title":"The Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Depressed Adolescents: A measure to predict the course of depression in depressed youth","volume":"46","author":"Gordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.4.373","article-title":"Self-efficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms. Differences based on history of prior depression","volume":"176","author":"Maciejewski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-6686.2012.00305.x","article-title":"Effect of a self-efficacy promotion training programme on the body weight changes in patients undergoing haemodialysis","volume":"38","author":"Aliasgharpour","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ren. Care"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2012.759223","article-title":"How does illness severity influence depression, health satisfaction and life satisfaction in patients with cardiovascular disease? The mediating role of illness perception and self-efficacy beliefs","volume":"28","author":"Steca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(05)80057-4","article-title":"Stages of change profiles in outpatient alcoholism treatment","volume":"2","author":"DiClemente","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll, K.M. (1998). A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach: Treating Cocaine Addiction, National Institute on Drug Abuse.","DOI":"10.1037\/e722512007-001"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Nowinski, J., Baker, S., and Carroll, K.M. (1995). Twelve Step Facilitation Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals with Alcohol Abuse and Dependence, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800080019003","article-title":"A 2.5-year follow-up of depression, life crises, and treatment effects on abstinence among opioid addicts","volume":"43","author":"Kosten","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Marlatt, G.A., and Gordon, J.R. (1985). Relapse Prevention: Maintenance Strategies in the Treatment of Addictive Behaviors, Guilford Press."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9023\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:56Z","timestamp":1760140556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19159023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]}}}