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This paper focuses on estimating the impacts of unplanned rail line segment disruptions on rail passengers as well as original bus passengers, as the latter are overlooked in existing studies. A method of identifying affected rail passengers based on passenger tap-in time is proposed, which is helpful for evaluating the scale and origin-destination distribution of the affected passengers. Passengers\u2019 response behaviors are analyzed and modeled in a multi-agent simulation system. The system realizes the simulation of the multimodal evacuation process, in which a rule-based logit model is employed to describe passengers\u2019 travel selection behavior and the Monte Carlo method is utilized to address the issue of uncertainty in passengers\u2019 travel selection. In particular, the original bus passengers are integrated into the simulation and interact with rail passengers. Finally, some indicators assessing the impacts on rail passengers and bus passengers are presented, and a case study based on the Ningbo urban rail transit network is conducted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T21:20:59Z","timestamp":1658784059000},"page":"9052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Impact Estimation of Unplanned Urban Rail Disruptions on Public Transport Passengers: A Multi-Agent Based Simulation Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chengli","family":"Cong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2688-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Road #2, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8917-7042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Urban Traffic Technologies, Southeast University, Road #2, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Urban Planning & Design Institute, Ningbo 315042, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2015.06.006","article-title":"Robustness assessment of urban rail transit based on complex network theory: A case study of the Beijing Subway","volume":"79","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saf. 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