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We performed a systematic review to explore the association between acute adverse infant outcomes (children 0\u20131 years) and exposure to high and low ambient temperatures. MEDLINE (Pubmed), Embase, CINAHL Plus, and Global Health were searched alongside the reference lists of key papers. We included published journal papers in English that assessed adverse infant outcomes related to short-term weather-related temperature exposure. Twenty-six studies met our inclusion criteria. Outcomes assessed included: infant mortality (n = 9), sudden infant death syndrome (n = 5), hospital visits or admissions (n = 5), infectious disease outcomes (n = 5), and neonatal conditions such as jaundice (n = 2). Higher temperatures were associated with increased risk of acute infant mortality, hospital admissions, and hand, foot, and mouth disease. Several studies identified low temperature impacts on infant mortality and episodes of respiratory disease. Findings on temperature risks for sudden infant death syndrome were inconsistent. Only five studies were conducted in low- or middle-income countries, and evidence on subpopulations and temperature-sensitive infectious diseases was limited. Public health measures are required to reduce the impacts of heat and cold on infant health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T22:03:42Z","timestamp":1658873022000},"page":"9109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The Effect of High and Low Ambient Temperature on Infant Health: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Darshnika Pemi","family":"Lakhoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7856-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen Abigail","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Clinical Effectiveness Unit, Royal College of Surgeons of England, London WC2A 3PA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4320-9168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew Francis","family":"Chersich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britt","family":"Nakstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division Paediatric Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone 4775, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4823-8099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sari","family":"Kovats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, February 20). 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