{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T06:14:52Z","timestamp":1786947292327,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University","award":["19710603952001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19710603952001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While a large body of literature has shown the health problems of illicit drug use, research is needed on how substance abuse impacts DNA damage and contaminants in blood, especially given Pb-contaminated opium. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the levels of lead (Pb), 8-hydroxy di-guanine (8-oxo-Gua), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood serum of opium addicts and non-addict people. The current study is a case\u2013control study with a cross-sectional design. A sample of 50 opium-addicted and non-addict adults were chosen for this study using convenience and random sampling methods. Participants were divided into two groups: addicts and non-addicts. The atomic absorption spectroscopy method was used to measure the quantity of Pb, and the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method was used to measure the amount of 8-oxo-Gua and MDA. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test. The results show that the amount of Pb in the blood serum of addicted women and men was higher than levels in non-addict men and women, for the study participants (p-value = 0.001). Blood levels were not significantly different between addicts and non-addicts for men or women for 8-oxo-Gua (p-value = 0.647 for women and p-value = 0.785 for men) and MDA (p-value = 0.867 for women and p-value = 0.995 for men). In general, addicts\u2019 blood Pb levels were found to be substantially higher than those of normal non-addict persons in this pilot study. As a result, testing for blood Pb levels in addicts may be informative in instances when symptoms are inconclusive.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T22:03:42Z","timestamp":1658873022000},"page":"9110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Pilot Study on the Association of Lead, 8-Hydroxyguanine, and Malondialdehyde Levels in Opium Addicts\u2019 Blood Serum with Illicit Drug Use and Non-Addict Persons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh Allahdinian","family":"Hesaruiyeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza P.O. Box 311-86145, Iran"},{"name":"Clinical Core Laboratory, Ali ibn Abi Talib Hospital Complex, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0082-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Rajabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6025-4879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohadeseh","family":"Motamed-Jahromi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing School, Fasa University of Medical Science, Fasa 74616-86688, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3766-7664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Sarhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3965-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razieh","family":"Khaksefidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somayeh","family":"Sarhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan 15847-43311, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1979-4800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leili","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7507-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamal","family":"Dua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) & School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Mohammadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6556-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Martelletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00950-y","article-title":"Addiction as a brain disease revised: Why it still matters, and the need for consilience","volume":"46","author":"Heilig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000083","article-title":"Drug addiction: Hyperkatifeia\/negative reinforcement as a framework for medications development","volume":"73","author":"Koob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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