{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T21:59:14Z","timestamp":1793311154500,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006752","name":"University of Porto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["demsso.pmp.PD9986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["demsso.pmp.PD9986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is highly prevalent; it can cause severe pain and evolve into progressive functional loss, leading to difficulties performing daily tasks such as climbing and descending stairs and squatting. This systematic review aimed to find evidence, in the literature, of squat movements that can cause or worsen PFPS. This work was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, and its protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019128711). From the 6570 collected records, 37 were included. From these 37 articles, 27 present a causal relationship between knee flexion and PFPS, 8 describe a relationship, considering the greater existence of muscle contractions, and one article did not describe this relationship in its results. The main limitations stem from the fact that different studies used different evaluation parameters to compare the force exerted on the patellofemoral joint. Furthermore, most studies are focused on sports populations. After analysing the included works, it was concluded that all squat exercises can cause tension overload in the knee, especially with a knee flexion between 60\u00b0 and 90\u00b0 degrees. The main causal\/worsening factors of PFPS symptoms are the knee translocation forward the toes (on the same body side) when flexing the knee, and the muscle imbalance between the thigh muscles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T20:49:28Z","timestamp":1659041368000},"page":"9241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Risk Associated with Squats: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1586-0359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Monteiro","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8524-5503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Santos","family":"Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1636-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D\/LABIOMEP), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5856-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Torres","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Energy, Transports and Aeronautics (PROA\/LAETA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, P., Callaghan, M., Cook, N., Sephton, R., Sutton, C., Hough, E., James, J., Saqib, R., and Selfe, J. (2016). A questionnaire to identify patellofemoral pain in the community: An exploration of measurement properties. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1097-5"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510376816","article-title":"Overuse Injuries in Professional Road Cyclists","volume":"38","author":"Clarsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"193","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of patellofemoral pain in an automobile manufacturing factory","volume":"16","author":"Sharifian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2009.00996.x","article-title":"Gender differences in the incidence and prevalence of patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Boling","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, P.M., Amaro, J., Duarte, J., Santos Baptista, J., and Torres Costa, J. (2022). Prevalence of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome in Selective Garbage Collection Workers\u2014Cross Sectional Study. Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health III, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89617-1_30"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096384","article-title":"2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester. Part 1: Terminology, definitions, clinical examination, natural history, patellofemoral osteoarthritis and patient-reported outcome m","volume":"50","author":"Crossley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CPG1","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2019.0302","article-title":"Patellofemoral Pain","volume":"49","author":"Willy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, P.M., Amaro, J., Ribeiro, B.T., Gomes, A., De Oliveira, P., Duarte, J., Ferraz, J., Baptista, J.S., and Costa, J.T. (2021). Musculoskeletal Disorders\u2019 Classification Proposal for Application in Occupational Medicine. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158223"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099397","article-title":"2018 Consensus statement on exercise therapy and physical interventions (orthoses, taping and manual therapy) to treat patellofemoral pain: Recommendations from the 5th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Gold Coast, Australia, 2017","volume":"52","author":"Collins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098717","article-title":"Evidence-based framework for a pathomechanical model of patellofemoral pain: 2017 patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester, UK: Part 3","volume":"51","author":"Powers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2012.3803","article-title":"Risk factors for patellofemoral pain syndrome: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Lankhorst","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098890","article-title":"Risk factors for patellofemoral pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Neal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(02)00090-5","article-title":"Patellofemoral joint stress during stair ascent and descent in persons with and without patellofemoral pain","volume":"16","author":"Brechter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthres.2003.08.014","article-title":"Knee flexion during stair ambulation is altered in individuals with patellofemoral pain","volume":"22","author":"Crossley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2019.02.004","article-title":"Rethinking patellofemoral pain: Prevention, management and long-term consequences","volume":"33","author":"Crossley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e0s-Tarrag\u00f3, J., Sanchis-Alfonso, V., Ram\u00edrez-Fuentes, C., Rosell\u00f3-A\u00f1\u00f3n, A., and Baixauli-Garc\u00eda, F. (2020). Locating the Origin of Femoral Maltorsion Using 3D Volumetric Technology\u2014The Hockey Stick Theory. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9123835"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000112","article-title":"Physical activity as cause and cure of muscular pain: Evidence of underlying mechanisms","volume":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-231-15","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association Position Statement: Management of Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain","volume":"53","author":"Bolgla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546510393269","article-title":"The effects of exercise for the prevention of overuse anterior knee pain: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"39","author":"Coppack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.09.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries sustained by Naval Special Forces Operators and students","volume":"20","author":"Lovalekar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096705","article-title":"The psychological features of patellofemoral pain: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Maclachlan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200109000-00020","article-title":"Effects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg press","volume":"33","author":"Escamilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"599","article-title":"Biomechanical attributes of lunging activities for older adults","volume":"18","author":"Flanagan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.05.002","article-title":"Patellofemoral compressive force and stress during the forward and side lunges with and without a stride","volume":"23","author":"Escamilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2014-0301","article-title":"A Comparison of Gluteus Maximus, Biceps Femoris, and Vastus Lateralis Electromyographic Activity in the Back Squat and Barbell Hip Thrust Exercises","volume":"31","author":"Contreras","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2002.32.4.141","article-title":"Patellofemoral joint kinetics while squatting with and without an external load","volume":"32","author":"Wallace","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2011.3499","article-title":"Hip strengthening prior to functional exercises reduces pain sooner than quadriceps strengthening in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"41","author":"Dolak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.3.70","article-title":"Strengthening of the hip and core versus knee muscles for the treatment of patellofemoral pain: A multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"50","author":"Ferber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24840\/2184-0954_003.002_0001","article-title":"Squat and Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: Protocol for a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlin, C. (2014). Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering. Proceedings of the ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, ACM Press.","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601268"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, June 20). National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Home Page, Available online: http:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2013-0175","article-title":"Joint Angles of the Ankle, Knee, and Hip and Loading Conditions During Split Squats","volume":"30","author":"List","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2016.12.005","article-title":"Patellar tendon stress between two variations of the forward step lunge","volume":"8","author":"Zellmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(01)00017-1","article-title":"Patellofemoral joint kinetics during squatting in collegiate women athletes","volume":"16","author":"Salem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.05.017","article-title":"Comparison of two methods of determining patellofemoral joint stress during dynamic activities","volume":"42","author":"Kernozek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001323","article-title":"Muscle Activation Patterns during Different Squat Techniques","volume":"31","author":"Slater","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Chang, W.D., Wu, J.Y., and Fong, Y.C. (2018). Electromyographic analysis of hip and knee muscles during specific exercise movements in females with patellofemoral pain syndrome An observational study. Medicine, 97.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011424"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3177","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000976","article-title":"Does the Dumbbell-Carrying Position Change the Muscle Activity in Split Squats and Walking Lunges?","volume":"29","author":"Stastny","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorenzetti, S., Ostermann, M., Zeidler, F., Zimmer, P., Jentsch, L., List, R., Taylor, W.R., Schellenberg, F., Lorenzetti, S., and List, R. (2018). How to squat? Effects of various stance widths, foot placement angles and level of experience on knee, hip and trunk motion and loading. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-018-0103-7"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.038109","article-title":"Open versus closed kinetic chain exercises for patellar chondromalacia","volume":"42","author":"Bakhtiary","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"8","article-title":"Muscle Activation of Vastus Medialis Oblique and Vastus Lateralis in Sling-Based Exercises in Patients with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Cross-Over Study","volume":"740315","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-182723","article-title":"Preferential strengthening of VMO muscle during selected biomechanical rehabilitative exercises of automotive workers with patellofemoral pain syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer, K., Hebron, C., and Williams, J.M. (2015). A randomised trial into the effect of an isolated hip abductor strengthening programme and a functional motor control programme on knee kinematics and hip muscle strength. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0563-9"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2016-0197","article-title":"Effects of anterior knee displacement during squatting on patellofemoral joint stress","volume":"27","author":"Kernozek","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2008.2694","article-title":"Patellofemoral Joint Force and Stress Between a Short- and Long-Step Forward Lunge","volume":"38","author":"Escamilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.984240","article-title":"Kinematic and EMG activities during front and back squat variations in maximum loads","volume":"33","author":"Yavuz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2018.11.001","article-title":"Electromyographic activity of the hip and knee muscles during functional tasks in males with and without patellofemoral pain","volume":"23","author":"Mirzaie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818e7ead","article-title":"Patellofemoral Joint Force and Stress during the Wall Squat and One-Leg Squat","volume":"41","author":"Escamilla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1631","article-title":"The Effect of Altering Knee Position and Squat Depth on VMO: VL EMG Ratio During Squat Exercises","volume":"21","author":"Jaberzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiother. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2017.08.001","article-title":"Dynamic knee valgus kinematics and their relationship to pain in women with patellofemoral pain compared to women with chronic hip joint pain","volume":"8","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181b1b181","article-title":"A comparison of free weight squat to Smith machine squat using electromyography","volume":"23","author":"Schwanbeck","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res. Natl. Strength Cond. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2016.10.004","article-title":"The influence of knee alignment on lower extremity kinetics during squats","volume":"31","author":"Slater","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2019-0278","article-title":"Improvements in lower-extremity function following a rehabilitation program with patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation in females with patellofemoral pain: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Glaviano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"278","article-title":"Combined Open and Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"6","author":"Minoonejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.1643","article-title":"Increased Activation Amplitude Levels of Gluteus Medius in Women During Isometric and Dynamic Conditions Following a 4-week Protocol of Low-load Eccentric Exercises","volume":"21","author":"Barbosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiother. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, J.S., Fredericson, M., and Choi, J.H. (2020). The effect of patellofemoral pain syndrome on patellofemoral joint kinematics under upright weight-bearing conditions. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239907"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Severin, A.C., Burkett, B.J., McKean, M.R., Wiegand, A.N., and Sayers, M.G.L.L. (2017). Quantifying kinematic differences between land and water during squats, split squats, and single-leg squats in a healthy population. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182320"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.24840\/2184-0954_004.001_0007","article-title":"Application of bodybuilding for correction of musculoskeletal disease in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome-A case report","volume":"4","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.908320","article-title":"A biomechanical comparison of the vertical jump, power clean, and jump squat","volume":"32","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.43","article-title":"A study on muscle activity and ratio of the knee extensor depending on the types of squat exercise","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2021.102530","article-title":"Electromyographic and kinematic analysis of females with excessive medial knee displacement in the overhead squat","volume":"57","author":"Dinis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.26.1363","article-title":"Effects of open and closed kinetic chains of sling exercise therapy on the muscle activity of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis","volume":"26","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001745","article-title":"Motion and Muscle Activity Are Affected by Instability Location during a Squat Exercise","volume":"31","author":"Nairn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"629","article-title":"Effect of Knee Position on Hip and Knee Torques during the Barbell Squat","volume":"17","author":"Fry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1157","article-title":"How can we strengthen the quadriceps femoris in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome?","volume":"2","author":"Kaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Inj. Prev. Diagn. Treat. Rehabil."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9241\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:58:22Z","timestamp":1760140702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19159241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]}}}