{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:12:09Z","timestamp":1790773929503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005326","name":"Yale University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Pilot grant - no grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Pilot grant - no grant number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lebanon is a diverse and dynamic nation of six million people that has experienced considerable disruption for the last two decades. The Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, resulted in the displacement of 1.1 million Syrians to Lebanon. Today, Lebanon is the country with the largest per capita number of refugees in the world. In addition, the country experienced a social, economic, and political crisis in 2019 that destabilized the entire society\u2014circumstances that were further complicated by COVID-19 pandemic. With all of the competing calamities in Lebanon, there has been limited scientific investigation into substance use and the risk of HIV infection among the country\u2019s population. To address this gap in knowledge, a qualitative rapid situational assessment (RSA) of substance use and risk of HIV infection in and around Beirut, the nation\u2019s capital, was conducted. The goal of this analysis is to describe the demographics and drug use patterns of this population, explore their HIV knowledge and risks, and build knowledge about their perceptions of and access to substance use treatment and other social services.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T20:49:28Z","timestamp":1659041368000},"page":"9242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Stress, Marginalization, and Disruption: A Qualitative Rapid Situational Assessment of Substance Users and HIV Risk in Lebanon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2795-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaveh","family":"Khoshnood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS at Yale, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6665-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy B.","family":"Smoyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5021-6112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Maviglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS at Yale, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS at Yale, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Khouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Beirut 1100, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4124-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fouad M.","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1100, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Heimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS at Yale, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karam, E.G., Mneimneh, Z.N., Dimassi, H., Fayyad, J.A., Karam, A.N., Nasser, S.C., Chatterji, S., and Kessler, R.C. 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