{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:01:14Z","timestamp":1791255674005,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Ministry of Health","award":["N\/2009\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/2009\/54"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gaming disorder (GD) is a new health condition still requiring a lot of evidence established around its underlying and related psychological mechanisms. In our study we focused on Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs), a specific very popular and engaging game genre, to determine that benefit, motivation and control aspects could be predictive of a dysfunctional engagement in gaming. In total, 313 participants were recruited from private forums of gamers between May 2009 and March 2010. They filled out a questionnaire on their socio-demographic data and their weekly gaming time. They also completed different psychometric assessments such as the DSM IV-TR criteria for substance dependence adapted to gaming such as the Dependence Adapted Scale (DAS), the external rewards they expected from gaming (External Motives), the expected internal reward they expected from gaming (Internal Motives), the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (ZSSS), and the Barratt impulsiveness Scale (BIS-10). Results showed that some psychological factors related to online gaming represented risk factors for GD in participants (i.e., competition and advancement motives, reduced anxiety, solace, greater personal satisfaction, and sense of power), whereas some others were found to be protective factors from GD (i.e., recreation, enjoyment and experience seeking) in participants. Additionally, the study found that disinhibition, boredom susceptibility, thrill and adventure seeking, and high impulsivity were correlated to GD in participants. In conclusion, not only motives for gaming and impulsivity could be predictors for GD, but maladaptive coping strategies based on experienced relief in-game from negative feelings (anxiety and boredom) or experienced improvement in-game of self-perception (personal satisfaction, sense of power) could play as well a role of negative reinforcers for GD. Some benefits from gaming, typically entertainment and enjoyment, are shown to be protective factors from GD, playing the role of positive reinforcing factors. They are worthy of being identified and promoted as functional gaming habits. These findings can feed the clinical and health promotion fields, with a more in-depth understanding of diverse psychological factors in gamers, identifying those at risk for GD and those protective from it. The current work can foster a more balanced approach towards gaming activities, taking their opportunities for mankind and controlling for their adverse effects in some individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T21:41:37Z","timestamp":1659476497000},"page":"9476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Predictors of Gaming Disorder or Protective from It, in a French Sample: A Symptomatic Approach to Self-Regulation and Pursued Rewards, Providing Insights for Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-3297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Achab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3891-277X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephane","family":"Rothen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Statistics, Faculty of Economy and Management, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Giustiniani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherches Int\u00e9gratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive (UR LINC), Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5135-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magali","family":"Nicolier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherches Int\u00e9gratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive (UR LINC), Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Franc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Zullino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Mauny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de M\u00e9thodologie en Recherche Clinique, \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie et Sant\u00e9 Publique, CIC Inserm 143, University Hospital, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono Environnement, Franche-Comt\u00e9 University, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4091-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Haffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Recherches Int\u00e9gratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive (UR LINC), Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Fondation FondaMental, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.039","article-title":"Gaming disorder: Its delineation as an important condition for diagnosis, management, and prevention","volume":"6","author":"Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.055","article-title":"Problematic involvement in online games: A cluster analytic approach","volume":"43","author":"Billieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.1.2012.1.1","article-title":"Online gaming addiction in children and adolescents: A review of empirical research","volume":"1","author":"Kuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Manuel Diagnostique et Statistique des Troubles Mentaux (DSM-5), Elsevier Masson. DSM Library."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, June 21). ICD-11-ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http:\/\/id.who.int\/icd\/entity\/1448597234."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15780","article-title":"Brief overview of the WHO Collaborative Project on the Development of New International Screening and Diagnostic Instruments for Gaming Disorder and Gambling Disorder","volume":"117","author":"Carragher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20960","article-title":"Emerging experience with selected new categories in the ICD-11: Complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder","volume":"21","author":"Reed","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.11.004","article-title":"Neurobiological correlates of internet gaming disorder: Similarities to pathological gambling","volume":"64","author":"Mann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599141","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.599141","article-title":"Altered Reward Processing System in Internet Gaming Disorder","volume":"11","author":"Raiha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12110","article-title":"New developments on the neurobiological and pharmaco-genetic mechanisms underlying internet and videogame addiction","volume":"24","author":"Weinstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20115","article-title":"Impulse control disorders and \u201cbehavioural addictions\u201d in the ICD-11","volume":"13","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8103999","article-title":"Patterns of and Motivations for Concurrent Use of Video Games and Substances","volume":"8","author":"Ream","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9929-6","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder: Deficits in functional and structural connectivity in the ventral tegmental area-Accumbens pathway","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.033","article-title":"The influence of game genre on Internet gaming disorder","volume":"6","author":"Na","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2174\/1874941001205010014","article-title":"What is Addictive in Internet?","volume":"5","author":"Thorens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Addict. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01144-6","article-title":"Relations of Stress and Drinking Motives to Young Adult Alcohol Misuse: Variations by Gender","volume":"49","author":"Temmen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bartle, R.A. (2004). Designing Virtual Worlds, New Riders."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.772","article-title":"Motivations for Play in Online Games","volume":"9","author":"Yee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0091-y","article-title":"Why do you play? The development of the motives for online gaming questionnaire (MOGQ)","volume":"43","author":"Demetrovics","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achab, S., Nicolier, M., Mauny, F., Monnin, J., Trojak, B., Vandel, P., Sechter, D., Gorwood, P., and Haffen, E. (2011). Massively multiplayer online role-playing games: Comparing characteristics of addict vs. non-addict online recruited gamers in a French adult population. BMC Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-144"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1159\/000322525","article-title":"Psychological Predictors of Problematic Involvement in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games: Illustration in a Sample of Male Cybercaf\u00e9 Players","volume":"44","author":"Billieux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.07.021","article-title":"Why do you play World of Warcraft? An in-depth exploration of self-reported motivations to play online and in-game behaviours in the virtual world of Azeroth","volume":"29","author":"Billieux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.0034","article-title":"Online Gaming Addiction? Motives Predict Addictive Play Behavior in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games","volume":"15","author":"Kuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000326070","article-title":"Motivations to play specifically predict excessive involvement in massively multiplayer online role-playing games: Evidence from an online survey","volume":"17","author":"Dauriat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3515","article-title":"The Mediating Effect of Gaming Motivation Between Psychiatric Symptoms and Problematic Online Gaming: An Online Survey","volume":"17","author":"Griffiths","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.02.023","article-title":"To dwell among gamers: Investigating the relationship between social online game use and gaming-related friendships","volume":"35","author":"Domahidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.12.003","article-title":"The social side of gaming: How playing online computer games creates online and offline social support","volume":"28","author":"Trepte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.609190","article-title":"Internet Use and Problematic Use in Seniors: A Comparative Study in Switzerland and Poland","volume":"12","author":"Rochat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.158","article-title":"Internet gaming disorder in male and female young adults: The role of alexithymia, depression, anxiety and gaming type","volume":"272","author":"Bonnaire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"179","article-title":"A Triadic Neurocognitive Approach to Addiction for Clinical Interventions","volume":"4","author":"Brevers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1511480","article-title":"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction","volume":"374","author":"Volkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2019.1591950","article-title":"Cognitive remediation therapy of working memory in addictive disorders: An individualized, tailored, and recovery-oriented approach","volume":"19","author":"Rochat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044216","article-title":"Learning, Reward, and Decision Making","volume":"68","author":"Cockburn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1584","article-title":"Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective","volume":"8","author":"Bechara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579497001375","article-title":"Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament","volume":"9","author":"Derryberry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2174\/1874941001205010024","article-title":"Problematic Use of the Internet and Self-Regulation: A Review of the Initial Studies","volume":"5","author":"Billieux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Addict. J."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(03)00067-9","article-title":"A review of behavioral and biological correlates of sensation seeking","volume":"38","author":"Roberti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Res. Pers."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.06.004","article-title":"Is Sensation Seeking a correlate of excessive behaviors and behavioral addictions? A detailed examination of patients with Gambling Disorder and Internet Addiction","volume":"242","author":"Dreier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005","article-title":"Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control","volume":"108","author":"Bari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"127","article-title":"Impulsivity and Alexithymia in Virtual Worlds: A Study on Players of World of Warcraft","volume":"16","author":"Maganuco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.06.004","article-title":"Reward drive and rash impulsiveness as dimensions of impulsivity: Implications for substance misuse","volume":"29","author":"Dawe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.53738\/REVMED.2022.18.785.1154","article-title":"Public Health and Clinical Implications of the Inclusion of Gaming Disorder in ICD-11","volume":"18","author":"Billieux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9dicale Suisse"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"567","article-title":"Sensation seeking and mood dimensions in depressive states","volume":"18","author":"Carton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1037\/h0040995","article-title":"Development of a sensation-seeking scale","volume":"28","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Consult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026047","article-title":"Construct validity for the Sensation-Seeking Scale","volume":"32","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370004500206","article-title":"Factor analysis of french translation of the Barratt impulsivity scale (BIS-10)","volume":"45","author":"Bourdel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale","volume":"51","author":"Patton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.2466\/PR0.105.F.1237-1247","article-title":"Excessive computer game playing among Norwegian adults: Self-reported consequences of playing and association with mental health problems","volume":"105","author":"Wenzel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.59","article-title":"Including gaming disorder in the ICD-11: The need to do so from a clinical and public health perspective","volume":"7","author":"Rumpf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing (2022, June 05). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"5RStudio Team (2022, June 05). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Available online: http:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.10.010","article-title":"The Relationship Between Online Game Addiction and Aggression, Self-Control and Narcissistic Personality Traits","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000436","article-title":"Positive and negative reinforcement are differentially associated with alcohol consumption as a function of alcohol dependence","volume":"33","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatcherian, E., Zullino, D., De Leo, D., and Achab, S. (2022). Feelings of Loneliness: Understanding the Risk of Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents with Internet Addiction. A Theoretical Model to Answer to a Systematic Literature Review, without Results. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042012"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15411","article-title":"Expert appraisal of criteria for assessing gaming disorder: An international Delphi study","volume":"116","author":"King","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.04.048","article-title":"Schizotypal personality traits and problematic use of massively-multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs)","volume":"74","author":"Schimmenti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1420","article-title":"Internet Gaming Disorder and Its Associated Personality Traits: A Systematic Review Using PRISMA Guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Griffiths","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3917\/psyt.113.0121","article-title":"La recherche de sensations: Quel traitement de l\u2019\u00e9motion ?","volume":"11","author":"Carton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychotropes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(01)00056-5","article-title":"Sensation seeking and internet dependence of Taiwanese high school adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0229","article-title":"Online Gaming Addiction: The Role of Sensation Seeking, Self-Control, Neuroticism, Aggression, State Anxiety, and Trait Anxiety","volume":"13","author":"Mehroof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.008","article-title":"Characteristics and treatment response of self-identified problematic Internet users in a behavioral addiction outpatient clinic","volume":"3","author":"Thorens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2022.00011","article-title":"Gaming disorder and the COVID-19 pandemic: Treatment demand and service delivery challenges","volume":"11","author":"King","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, H., Lee, J.-Y., Choi, A., Park, S., Kim, D.-J., and Choi, J.-S. (2018). The Relationship between Impulsivity and Internet Gaming Disorder in Young Adults: Mediating Effects of Interpersonal Relationships and Depression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030458"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628933","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.628933","article-title":"Monetary Reward Discounting, Inhibitory Control, and Trait Impulsivity in Young Adults with Internet Gaming Disorder and Nicotine Dependence","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.03.002","article-title":"When self-report diverges from performance: The usage of BIS-11 along with neuropsychological tests","volume":"218","author":"Sergeant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00285","article-title":"A Tripartite Neurocognitive Model of Internet Gaming Disorder","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000130","article-title":"Meta-analysis of action video game impact on perceptual, attentional, and cognitive skills","volume":"144","author":"Bediou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.002","article-title":"The development of attention skills in action video game players","volume":"47","author":"Dye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034857","article-title":"The benefits of playing video games","volume":"69","author":"Granic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-019-00544-z","article-title":"Investigation of the Online Game Addiction Level, Sociodemographic Characteristics and Social Anxiety as Risk Factors for Online Game Addiction in Middle School Students","volume":"56","author":"Karaca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12653","article-title":"Moving internet gaming disorder forward: A reply","volume":"109","author":"Petry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000247","article-title":"What We Know About Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3917\/psyt.233.0057","article-title":"Quand la question de l\u2019argent dans le jeu vid\u00e9o influence la pratique clinique en addictologie","volume":"23","author":"Taquet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychotropes"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Obradovic, I., Spilka, S., Phan, O., and Bonnaire, C. (2014). \u00c9crans et Jeux Vid\u00e9o \u00e0 L\u2019adolescence Premiers R\u00e9sultats de L\u2019enqu\u00eate du Programme D\u2019\u00e9tude Sur Les Liens et l\u2019impact Des \u00e9crans sur L\u2019adolescent Scolaris\u00e9 (PELLEAS), Observatoire Fran\u00e7ais Des Drogues et Des Toxicomanies. Report No. 97; Tendances."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2008.00428.x","article-title":"Who plays, how much, and why? Debunking the stereotypical gamer profile","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.08.045","article-title":"Video game addiction in emerging adulthood: Cross-sectional evidence of pathology in video game addicts as compared to matched healthy controls","volume":"225","author":"Stockdale","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9476\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:01:28Z","timestamp":1760140888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19159476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159476","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]}}}