{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:55:01Z","timestamp":1788778501928,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Ministry of Health","award":["N\/2009\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/2009\/54"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) shares many similarities with substance use disorder (SUD), contributing to its recognition as an addictive disorder. Nevertheless, no study has compared IGD to other addictive disorders in terms of personality traits established as highly co-occurring with SUDs. (2) Methods: We recruited a sample of gamers (massively multiplayer online role-playing games) (MMORPGs) via online in-game forums. We compared 83 individuals with IGD (MMORPG-IGD group) to 47 former heroin addicts under methadone maintenance treatment (MMT; MMT group) with regard to alexithymia, impulsivity, sensation seeking and aggressiveness assessed through self-administered scales, being TAS-20, BIS-10, Z-SSS and BDHI, respectively. (3) Results: Our results draw a relatively similar personality profile between groups but indicate that the subject traits are generally more pronounced in the MMT cohort. The overall lesser intensity of these traits in the MMORPG-IGD group might reflect the greater variability in the severity of the IGD. (4) Conclusions: IGD shares personality traits with MMT, and intensity may be influenced by the severity of the addiction or by certain direct environmental factors, and might also influence the propensity towards one behavior rather than another.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T20:52:01Z","timestamp":1659559921000},"page":"9536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Do Individuals with Internet Gaming Disorder Share Personality Traits with Substance-Dependent Individuals?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Giustiniani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center 1431-INSERM, University Hospital of Besancon, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UR 481 LINC Neurosciences and Cognition, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 and Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5135-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magali","family":"Nicolier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center 1431-INSERM, University Hospital of Besancon, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UR 481 LINC Neurosciences and Cognition, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 and Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeline","family":"Pascard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMETh\u2014Inserm Centre Investigation Clinique 1431, CHU Besan\u00e7on, 2 Place Saint-Jacques, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Masse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UR 481 LINC Neurosciences and Cognition, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 and Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Vandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center 1431-INSERM, University Hospital of Besancon, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UR 481 LINC Neurosciences and Cognition, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 and Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djamila","family":"Bennabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center 1431-INSERM, University Hospital of Besancon, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UR 481 LINC Neurosciences and Cognition, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 and Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-3297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Achab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sociological and Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Psychiatry Department, Geneva University, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Mauny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMETh\u2014Inserm Centre Investigation Clinique 1431, CHU Besan\u00e7on, 2 Place Saint-Jacques, 25030 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4091-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Haffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital of Besan\u00e7on, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center 1431-INSERM, University Hospital of Besancon, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"UR 481 LINC Neurosciences and Cognition, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 and Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, 25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"},{"name":"FondaMental Foundation, 94000 Cr\u00e9teil, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.158","article-title":"Internet Gaming Disorder in Male and Female Young Adults: The Role of Alexithymia, Depression, Anxiety and Gaming Type","volume":"272","author":"Bonnaire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00248","article-title":"Neural Basis of Video Gaming: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Palaus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scog.2015.08.002","article-title":"Increased Internet Use and Poorer Ability to Manage Emotions in Youth at High-Risk for Psychosis","volume":"2","author":"Ives","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.055","article-title":"Problematic Involvement in Online Games: A Cluster Analytic Approach","volume":"43","author":"Billieux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.1.2012.1.1","article-title":"Online Gaming Addiction in Children and Adolescents: A Review of Empirical Research","volume":"1","author":"Kuss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Manuel Diagnostique et Statistique des Troubles Mentaux (DSM-5), Elsevier Masson. DSM Library."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2021, June 21). ICD-11\u2014ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11\/l-m\/en#\/http:\/\/id.who.int\/icd\/entity\/1448597234."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.039","article-title":"Gaming Disorder: Its Delineation as an Important Condition for Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention","volume":"6","author":"Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.11.004","article-title":"Neurobiological Correlates of Internet Gaming Disorder: Similarities to Pathological Gambling","volume":"64","author":"Mann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20115","article-title":"Impulse Control Disorders and \u201cBehavioural Addictions\u201d in the ICD-11","volume":"13","author":"Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8103999","article-title":"Patterns of and Motivations for Concurrent Use of Video Games and Substances","volume":"8","author":"Ream","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9929-6","article-title":"Internet Gaming Disorder: Deficits in Functional and Structural Connectivity in the Ventral Tegmental Area-Accumbens Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12110","article-title":"New Developments on the Neurobiological and Pharmaco-Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Internet and Videogame Addiction","volume":"24","author":"Weinstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12348","article-title":"Frontostriatal Circuits, Resting State Functional Connectivity and Cognitive Control in Internet Gaming Disorder","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.818","article-title":"Personality and Substance Use Disorders: A Prospective Study","volume":"68","author":"Sher","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1672-9","article-title":"Personality as an Intermediate Phenotype for Genetic Dissection of Alcohol Use Disorder","volume":"125","author":"Oreland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.027","article-title":"Video Games in Adolescence and Emotional Functioning: Emotion Regulation, Emotion Intensity, Emotion Expression, and Alexithymia","volume":"61","author":"Gaetan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1353","article-title":"Pathological Video Game Use among Youths: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study","volume":"127","author":"Gentile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0229","article-title":"Online Gaming Addiction: The Role of Sensation Seeking, Self-Control, Neuroticism, Aggression, State Anxiety, and Trait Anxiety","volume":"13","author":"Mehroof","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2010.12.002","article-title":"The Effect of Violent Video Games on Aggression: Is It More than Just the Violence?","volume":"16","author":"Adachi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000284983","article-title":"Factor Analysis of the French Version of the 20-Ltem Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)","volume":"29","author":"Loas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000286529","article-title":"The Prevalence of \u201calexithymic\u201d Characteristics in Psychosomatic Patients","volume":"22","author":"Sifneos","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.11.002","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) for Substance Users","volume":"58","author":"Cleland","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(99)00010-6","article-title":"A Latent Variable Analysis of Coexisting Emotional Deficits in Substance Abusers: Alexithymia, Hostility, and PTSD","volume":"25","author":"Handelsman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.7.137","article-title":"Alexithymia: Past and Present","volume":"153","author":"Sifneos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070109511442","article-title":"Alexithymia in Egyptian Substance Abusers","volume":"22","year":"2001","journal-title":"Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199011)46:6<730::AID-JCLP2270460606>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Alexithymia and Stimulus Augmenting\/Reducing","volume":"46","author":"Morrison","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)90006-X","article-title":"The Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale--II. Convergent, Discriminant, and Concurrent Validity","volume":"38","author":"Bagby","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rho, M.J., Lee, H., Lee, T.-H., Cho, H., Jung, D.J., Kim, D.-J., and Choi, I.Y. (2017). Risk Factors for Internet Gaming Disorder: Psychological Factors and Internet Gaming Characteristics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010040"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, H., Lee, J.-Y., Choi, A., Park, S., Kim, D.-J., and Choi, J.-S. (2018). The Relationship between Impulsivity and Internet Gaming Disorder in Young Adults: Mediating Effects of Interpersonal Relationships and Depression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030458"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.06.004","article-title":"Is Sensation Seeking a Correlate of Excessive Behaviors and Behavioral Addictions? A Detailed Examination of Patients with Gambling Disorder and Internet Addiction","volume":"242","author":"Dreier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2013.41.3.477","article-title":"Assessment of Risk-Taking and Impulsive Behaviors: A Comparison between Three Tasks","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc. Behav. Pers."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12388","article-title":"Dissecting Impulsivity and Its Relationships to Drug Addictions","volume":"1327","author":"Jentsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.06.011","article-title":"Trajectories of Impulsivity by Sex Predict Substance Use and Heavy Drinking","volume":"85","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1556\/JBA.3.2014.4.6","article-title":"Similarities and Differences among Internet Gaming Disorder, Gambling Disorder and Alcohol Use Disorder: A Focus on Impulsivity and Compulsivity","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Zuckerman, M. (1994). Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.46.1.139","article-title":"Sensation Seeking in England and America: Cross-Cultural, Age, and Sex Comparisons","volume":"46","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00309-5","article-title":"Sensation Seeking as a Common Factor in Opioid Dependent Subjects and High Risk Sport Practicing Subjects. A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"69","author":"Franques","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol. Depend."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-019-00081-6","article-title":"Internet Gaming Disorder and Its Associated Personality Traits: A Systematic Review Using PRISMA Guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2011.01091.x","article-title":"Drug Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence: A Comparative Study of Opioid-Dependent Fathers","volume":"81","author":"Moore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"CD003410","article-title":"Heroin Maintenance for Chronic Heroin-Dependent Individuals","volume":"2011","author":"Ferri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2013.09.004","article-title":"Intense Acts of Violence during Video Game Play Make Daily Life Aggression Appear Innocuous: A New Mechanism Why Violent Video Games Increase Aggression","volume":"50","author":"Greitemeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.11.001","article-title":"Do Video Games Exert Stronger Effects on Aggression than Film? The Role of Media Modality and Identification on the Association of Violent Content and Aggressive Outcomes","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018039","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2018039","article-title":"The Association between Aggression and Risk of Internet Gaming Disorder in Korean Adolescents: The Mediation Effect of Father-Adolescent Communication Style","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2007.10.010","article-title":"The Relationship between Online Game Addiction and Aggression, Self-Control and Narcissistic Personality Traits","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032876","article-title":"The Temporal Association between Substance Use and Intimate Partner Violence among Women Arrested for Domestic Violence","volume":"81","author":"Stuart","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046900","article-title":"An Inventory for Assessing Different Kinds of Hostility","volume":"21","author":"Buss","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Consult. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achab, S., Nicolier, M., Mauny, F., Monnin, J., Trojak, B., Vandel, P., Sechter, D., Gorwood, P., and Haffen, E. (2011). Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games: Comparing Characteristics of Addict vs Non-Addict Online Recruited Gamers in a French Adult Population. BMC Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-144"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.6.2017.033","article-title":"The Influence of Game Genre on Internet Gaming Disorder","volume":"6","author":"Na","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2174\/1874941001205010014","article-title":"What Is Addictive in Internet?","volume":"5","author":"Thorens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Addict. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000247","article-title":"What We Know About Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60464-4","article-title":"Development of a Rational Scale to Assess the Harm of Drugs of Potential Misuse","volume":"369","author":"Nutt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(92)90058-A","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) in a Population Study","volume":"36","author":"Kauhanen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factor Structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale","volume":"51","author":"Patton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370004500206","article-title":"Factor analysis of french translation of the Barratt impulsivity scale (BIS-10)","volume":"45","author":"Bourdel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0924933800003473","article-title":"Cross-Cultural Validity of the Sensation Seeking Scale: Development of a French Abbreviated Form","volume":"7","author":"Carton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn021","article-title":"Does Personality Explain Social Inequalities in Mortality? The French GAZEL Cohort Study","volume":"37","author":"Nabi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"315","article-title":"Validation of a personality questionnaire designed for defining sub-groups at risk for ischemic cardiopathy or cancer in the Gazel cohort","volume":"41","author":"Consoli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02269","article-title":"Relationships Between Alexithymia and Psychopathy in Heroin Dependent Individuals","volume":"10","author":"Psederska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-016-0097-8","article-title":"Alexithymia and Addiction: A Review and Preliminary Data Suggesting Neurobiological Links to Reward\/Loss Processing","volume":"3","author":"Morie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Addict. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.02.004","article-title":"Association of Internet Addiction and Alexithymia\u2014A Scoping Review","volume":"81","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.09.027","article-title":"Alexithymia Is Not a Stable Personality Trait in Patients with Substance Use Disorders","volume":"198","author":"Joosten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01758","article-title":"Alexithymia Components Are Differentially Related to Explicit Negative Affect But Not Associated with Explicit Positive Affect or Implicit Affectivity","volume":"8","author":"Suslow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03634.x","article-title":"The Effect of Methadone on Emotional Reactivity","volume":"107","author":"Savvas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1583","article-title":"Genetic Influences on Impulsivity, Risk Taking, Stress Responsivity and Vulnerability to Drug Abuse and Addiction","volume":"8","author":"Kreek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101777","article-title":"Maladaptive Player-Game Relationships in Problematic Gaming and Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"73","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.11.003","article-title":"Impulsivity as a Vulnerability Marker for Substance-Use Disorders: Review of Findings from High-Risk Research, Problem Gamblers and Genetic Association Studies","volume":"32","author":"Lawrence","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00849","article-title":"Decision-Making in Stimulant and Opiate Addicts in Protracted Abstinence: Evidence from Computational Modeling with Pure Users","volume":"5","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002189","article-title":"Impulsivity and Opioid Drugs: Differential Effects of Heroin, Methadone and Prescribed Analgesic Medication","volume":"45","author":"Baldacchino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.002","article-title":"The Development of Attention Skills in Action Video Game Players","volume":"47","author":"Dye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Stock, A.-K., Beste, C., and Colzato, L.S. (2015). Action Video Gaming and Cognitive Control: Playing First Person Shooter Games Is Associated with Improved Action Cascading but Not Inhibition. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144364"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.09.015","article-title":"Personality Traits Associated with Problematic and Non-Problematic Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game Use","volume":"52","author":"Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3917\/psyt.113.0121","article-title":"La recherche de sensations: Quel traitement de l\u2019\u00e9motion?","volume":"11","author":"Carton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychotropes"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.8.3.343","article-title":"Potential for Hostility and Dimensions of Anger","volume":"8","author":"Musante","year":"1989","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Fink, G. (2007). Encyclopedia of Stress, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00257-0","article-title":"Heritability of Aggression and Irritability: A Twin Study of the Buss\u2014Durkee Aggression Scales in Adult Male Subjects","volume":"41","author":"Coccaro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037260","article-title":"A \u201cDry Eye\u201d for Victims of Violence: Effects of Playing a Violent Video Game on Pupillary Dilation to Victims and on Aggressive Behavior","volume":"5","author":"Arriaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Violence"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.2001.1502","article-title":"Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior: Potential Sex Differences","volume":"38","author":"Bartholow","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026046","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of the Association between Violent Video Game Play and Aggression among Adolescents","volume":"48","author":"Willoughby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-019-00305-8","article-title":"Relationships of Internet Addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder Symptom Severities with Probable Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder, Aggression and Negative Affect among University Students","volume":"11","author":"Evren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atten. Defic. Hyperact. Disord."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2011.0311","article-title":"\u201cI\u2019m Attached, and I\u2019m a Good Guy\/Gal!\u201d: How Character Attachment Influences pro- and Anti-Social Motivations to Play Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games","volume":"15","author":"Bowman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2013.835764","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence among Individuals in Methadone Maintenance Treatment","volume":"35","author":"Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subst. Abus."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2003.09.029","article-title":"Aggressive Responding in Abstinent Heroin Addicts: Neuroendocrine and Personality Correlates","volume":"28","author":"Gerra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.47.9.1102","article-title":"In Search of How People Change. Applications to Addictive Behaviors","volume":"47","author":"Prochaska","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.11.005","article-title":"Impulsivity and Decision Making in the Balloon Analogue Risk-Taking Task","volume":"43","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3917\/psyt.233.0057","article-title":"Quand la question de l\u2019argent dans le jeu vid\u00e9o influence la pratique clinique en addictologie","volume":"23","author":"Taquet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychotropes"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/14459795.2014.890634","article-title":"A Taxonomy of Gambling and Casino Games via Social Media and Online Technologies","volume":"14","author":"Gainsbury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Gambl. Stud."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Heeks, R. (2008). Online \u201cGold Farming\u201d: Developing Country Production for Virtual Gameworlds, Development Informatics Group, University of Manchester."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Obradovic, I., Spilka, S., Phan, O., and Bonnaire, C. (2014). \u00c9crans et Jeux Vid\u00e9o \u00e0 l\u2019Adolescence Premiers R\u00e9sultats de l\u2019Enqu\u00eate du Programme d\u2019\u00c9tude sur les Liens et l\u2019Impact des \u00c9crans sur l\u2019Adolescent Scolaris\u00e9 (PELLEAS), Observatoire Fran\u00e7ais des Drogues et des Toxicomanies. Tendances."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.054","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors of Internet Gaming Disorder and Problematic Internet Use before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large Online Survey of Japanese Adults","volume":"142","author":"Oka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113221","article-title":"Who Becomes Addicted and to What? Psychosocial Predictors of Substance and Behavioral Addictive Disorders","volume":"291","author":"Zilberman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9536\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:03:38Z","timestamp":1760141018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19159536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159536","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]}}}