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However, few studies have focused on the role of nitrogen-metabolizing bacteria in As mobilization, as well as in the transformation between inorganic and organic As in groundwater. In this study, the nitrogen and As metabolisms of Citrobacter sp. G-C1 and Paraclostridium sp. G-11, isolated from high As groundwater in Hetao Plain, China, were characterized by culture experiments and genome sequencing. The results showed Citrobacter sp. G-C1 was a dissimilatory nitrate-reducing bacterium. The dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) and As-detoxifying pathways identified in the genome enabled Citrobacter sp. G-C1 to simultaneously reduce As(V) during DNRA. Paraclostridium sp. G-11 was a nitrogen-fixing bacterium and its nitrogen-fixing activity was constrained by As. Nitrogen fixation and the As-detoxifying pathways identified in its genome conferred the capability of As(V) reduction during nitrogen fixation. Under anaerobic conditions, Citrobacter sp. G-C1 was able to demethylate organic As and Paraclostridium sp. G-11 performed As(III) methylation with the arsM gene. Collectively, these results not only evidenced that ammonium-generating bacteria with the ars operon were able to transform As(V) to more mobile As(III) during nitrogen-metabolizing processes, but also involved the transformation between inorganic and organic As in groundwater.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1659649968000},"page":"9606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Arsenic Mobilization and Transformation by Ammonium-Generating Bacteria Isolated from High Arsenic Groundwater in Hetao Plain, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba1510","article-title":"Global threat of arsenic in groundwater","volume":"368","author":"Joel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172974","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations of groundwater arsenic in South and Southeast Asia","volume":"328","author":"Fendorf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2013.12.016","article-title":"A review of high arsenic groundwater in Mainland and Taiwan, China: Distribution, characteristics and geochemical processes","volume":"41","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. 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