{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:32:01Z","timestamp":1788363121017,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF)","award":["B05F640183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B05F640183"]}]},{"name":"National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF)","award":["FF65\/059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF65\/059"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["B05F640183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B05F640183"]}]},{"name":"Chiang Mai University","award":["FF65\/059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF65\/059"]}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Community Health Informatics, Chiang Mai University","award":["B05F640183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B05F640183"]}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Community Health Informatics, Chiang Mai University","award":["FF65\/059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF65\/059"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticide-related mental health issues in Thailand, an upper-middle-income country, are not well known. This study aimed to investigate the association between the history of occupational exposure to pesticides and the mental health of Thai farmers. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the areas around Chiang Mai, a large city in Northern Thailand, between June 2020 and January 2021. A total of 6974 farmers from six districts were interviewed to determine whether they regularly experienced symptoms related to mental health by the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) as well as their lifetime history of agricultural pesticide exposure from 31 active ingredients and five functional categories: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, and molluscicides. The cut-off of 6 was used to evaluate probable mental disorder. Most of the farmers under investigation were men (53.8%), with a mean age of 55.2 (11.7) years, and were involved mainly in the planting of rice, fruit, and vegetables. About 86.7% reported having used pesticides on their crops at some point in their lives\u2014mostly glyphosate, paraquat, 2,4-D, methomyl, and carbofuran. All functional groups, as well as pesticide classes like organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates, were significantly associated with a higher risk of probable mental disorder based on exposure duration, frequency, personal protective equipment usage, and hygienic behavior. In a model with multiple pesticides, there was an association between mental disorder and exposure to endosulfan (AOR = 2.27, 95%CI = 1.26\u20134.08) and methyl parathion (AOR = 2.26, 95%CI = 1.26\u20134.06). Having previously reported pesticide poisoning symptoms was related to mental disorder (AOR = 7.97, 95%CI = 5.16\u201312.31), the findings provided evidence of pesticide exposure posing a risk to farmers\u2019 mental health, particularly long-term and high-intensity exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T22:51:46Z","timestamp":1659912706000},"page":"9654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Potential Effects on Mental Health Status Associated with Occupational Exposure to Pesticides among Thai Farmers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0884-9466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parichat","family":"Ong-Artborirak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Community Health Informatics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waraporn","family":"Boonchieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Community Health Informatics, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwayong","family":"Juntarawijit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0321-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chudchawal","family":"Juntarawijit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2018). 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