{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:25:44Z","timestamp":1779891944300,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Burnout during residency may be a function of intense professional demands and poor work\/life balance. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, NYC hospital systems were quickly overwhelmed, and trainees were required to perform beyond the usual clinical duties with less supervision and limited education. Objective: The present longitudinal study examined the effects of COVID-19 caseload over time on burnout experienced by resident physicians and explored the effects of demographic characteristics and organizational and personal factors as predictors of burnout severity. Methods: This study employed a prospective design with repeated measurements from April 2020 to June 2020. Participants were surveyed about their well-being every 5 days. Predictors included caseload, sociodemographic variables, self-efficacy, hospital support, perceived professional development, meaning in work, and postgraduate training level. Results: In total, 54 resident physicians were recruited, of whom 50% reported burnout on initial assessment. Periods of higher caseload were associated with higher burnout. PGY-3 residents reported more burnout initially but appeared to recover faster compared to PGY-1 residents. Examined individually, higher self-efficacy, professional development, meaningful work, and hospital support were associated with lower burnout. When all four predictors were entered simultaneously, only self-efficacy was associated with burnout. However, professional development, meaningful work, and hospital support were associated with self-efficacy. Conclusion: Burnout among residency is prevalent and may have implications for burnout during later stages of a physician\u2019s career. Self-efficacy is associated with lower burnout and interventions to increase self-efficacy and the interpersonal factors that promote self-efficacy may improve physician physical and emotional well-being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T22:51:46Z","timestamp":1659912706000},"page":"9714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Factors Associated with Burnout among Resident Physicians Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A 2-Month Longitudinal Observation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Teressa R.","family":"Ju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, 56-45 Main Street, Flushing, NY 11354, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia E.","family":"Mikrut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, St. John\u2019s University, 152-11 Union Turnpike, Jamaica, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5963-5217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Spinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, St. John\u2019s University, 152-11 Union Turnpike, Jamaica, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1798-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Romain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, St. John\u2019s University, 152-11 Union Turnpike, Jamaica, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7110-956X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Brondolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, St. John\u2019s University, 152-11 Union Turnpike, Jamaica, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varuna","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, 56-45 Main Street, Flushing, NY 11354, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia X.","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, 56-45 Main Street, Flushing, NY 11354, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, 56-45 Main Street, Flushing, NY 11354, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.03.019","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review","volume":"13","author":"Harapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ritchie, H., Mathieu, E., Rod\u00e9s-Guirao, L., Appel, C., Giattino, C., Ortiz-Ospina, E., Hasell, J., Macdonald, B., Beltekian, D., and Roser, M. (2022, August 03). Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Our World Data. Available online: https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/coronavirus."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.20529\/IJME.2020.73","article-title":"Burnout among healthcare providers during COVID-19: Challenges and evidence-based interventions","volume":"5","author":"Sultana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000258299.45979.37","article-title":"Predictors of physician career satisfaction, work-life balance, and burnout","volume":"109","author":"Keeton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obs. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x","article-title":"Staff burn-out","volume":"30","author":"Freudenberger","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Soc. Issues"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Fink, G. (2016). Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.23.2880","article-title":"Resident burnout","volume":"292","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181938a45","article-title":"An exploratory study of resident burnout and wellness","volume":"84","author":"Lick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"139","article-title":"Relationship between Job-Stress and Burnout: Organizational Support and Creativty as Predictor Variables","volume":"18","author":"Asad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pak. J. Psychol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.9.JNS17996","article-title":"Factors associated with burnout among US neurosurgery residents: A nationwide survey","volume":"129","author":"Attenello","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-013-2702-z","article-title":"Elements of team-based care in a patient-centered medical home are associated with lower burnout among VA primary care employees","volume":"29","author":"Helfrich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2015.1058369","article-title":"Associations between job burnout and self-efficacy: A meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Shoji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2019.07.004","article-title":"Burnout and its relationship with perceived stress, self-efficacy, depression, social support, and programmatic factors in general surgery residents","volume":"219","author":"Smeds","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoorob, D., Shah, S., La Saevig, D., Murphy, C., Aouthmany, S., and Brickman, K. (2021). Insight into resident burnout, mental wellness, and coping mechanisms early in the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250104"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpsy.2021.03.005","article-title":"Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and burnout severity in French residents: A national study","volume":"35","author":"Mion","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415","article-title":"Ecological momentary assessment","volume":"4","author":"Shiffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.17.1.6","article-title":"Strategies for analyzing ecological momentary assessment data","volume":"17","author":"Schwartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/NCN.0b013e3181e1e57d","article-title":"Using clinical data to capture nurse workload: Implications for staffing and safety","volume":"28","author":"Baernholdt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Inform. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (U.S.) (2019). Committee on Systems Approaches to Improve Patient Care by Supporting Clinician Well-Being. Taking Action against Clinician Burnout: A Systems Approach to Professional Well-Being, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Testoni, I., Brondolo, E., Ronconi, L., Petrini, L., Navalesi, P., Antonellini, M., Biancalani, G., Crupi, R., and Capozza, D. (2022). COVID-19 distress between moral injury and dehumanization. A study with Italian healthcare professionals during the first COVID-19 pandemic period. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy, in press.","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001346"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-014-3112-6","article-title":"Using a single item to measure burnout in primary care staff: A psychometric evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Dolan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-1-200907070-00006","article-title":"Working conditions in primary care: Physician reactions and care quality","volume":"151","author":"Linzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181f0c4e7","article-title":"Predictors of persistent burnout in internal medicine residents: A prospective cohort study","volume":"85","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"539","article-title":"Relationship of Self Efficacy and Burnout among Physicians","volume":"2","author":"Aftab","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acad. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-16-00372.1","article-title":"Efficacy of interventions to reduce resident physician burnout: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Busireddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Vendeloo, S.N., Godderis, L., Brand, P.L., Verheyen, K.C., Rowell, S.A., and Hoekstra, H. (2018). Resident burnout: Evaluating the role of the learning environment. BMC Med. Educ., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-018-1166-6"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105310361992","article-title":"Efficacy of a communication and stress management training on medical residents\u2019 self-efficacy, stress to communicate and burnout: A randomized controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Bragard","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaikh, C.F., Kelly, E.P., Paro, A., Cloyd, J., Ejaz, A., Beal, E.W., and Pawlik, T.M. (J. Surg. Educ., 2022). Burnout Assessment among Surgeons and Surgical Trainees during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review, J. Surg. Educ., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2022.04.015"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01504-y","article-title":"Investigating the association between physicians self-efficacy regarding communication skills and risk of \u201cburnout\u201d","volume":"18","author":"Messerotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9714\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:05:19Z","timestamp":1760141119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19159714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159714","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]]}}}