{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:43:35Z","timestamp":1778197415499,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Fellowship Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several studies have shown an association between low hand grip strength (HGS) and functional limitations. This study aims to elucidate the association between HGS and functional limitations. We used the nationwide health examination data and included 13,517 Korean adults that were aged \u2265 50 years. We measured HGS using digital dynamometer and the maximum value of the dominant hand was divided into quartiles for the analysis. Functional limitations were assessed by using self-administered questionnaires. We categorized the 24 reported causes of functional limitations into musculoskeletal, cardiometabolic, neuropsychiatric, cancers, and others. In multiple regression analysis, the functional limitations tended to increase as HGS was lowered in both sexes. When analyzing according to the reasons of functional limitations, the ORs for functional limitations due to cardiometabolic problem tended to increase as the HGS decreased in men (p for trend = 0.039). Similar trends were observed in neuropsychiatric problem in women (p for trend = 0.002) and other problems in both men and women (p for trend = 0.014 in men, p for trend = 0.004 in women). No significant trends were observed for musculoskeletal problems and cancer in both men and women. The functional limitations were inversely associated with HGS, which were inconsistent according to different etiologies of functional limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T21:09:18Z","timestamp":1659992958000},"page":"9745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association of Handgrip Strength in Various Disabilities in Korean Adults over 50 Years Old: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0743-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-A","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0960-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon Jeong","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0696-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geon Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Baeyens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12238","article-title":"Skeletal muscle performance and ageing","volume":"9","author":"Tieland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C.R., Jeon, Y.J., Kim, M.C., Jeong, T., and Koo, W.R. (2018). Reference values for hand grip strength in the South Korean population. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195485"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr051","article-title":"A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: Towards a standardised approach","volume":"40","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2010.09.010","article-title":"Hand grip strength: Outcome predictor and marker of nutritional status","volume":"30","author":"Norman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1519\/00139143-200831010-00002","article-title":"Hand-grip dynamometry predicts future outcomes in aging adults","volume":"31","author":"Bohannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.6.558","article-title":"Midlife hand grip strength as a predictor of old age disability","volume":"281","author":"Rantanen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539520937100","article-title":"Handgrip Strength and Mortality in Elderly Koreans: Evidence from the Korea Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rantanen, T., Harris, T., Leveille, S.G., Visser, M., Foley, D., Masaki, K., and Guralnik, J.M. (2000). Muscle strength and body mass index as long-term predictors of mortality in initially healthy men. J. Gerontology. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 55.","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/55.3.M168"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl024","article-title":"Is grip strength associated with health-related quality of life? Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study","volume":"35","author":"Sayer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1920-6","article-title":"Relationship between low handgrip strength and quality of life in Korean men and women","volume":"27","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Korea, S. (2019). Population Trends and Projections of the World and Korea, Statistics Korea."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Martinez-Tellez, B., Mora-Gonzalez, J., L\u00f6f, M., Espa\u00f1a-Romero, V., Ruiz, J.R., and Ortega, F.B. (2016). Reliability and Validity of Different Models of TKK Hand Dynamometers. Am. J. Occup. Ther. Off. Publ. Am. Occup. Ther. Assoc., 70.","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.2016.019117"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.11.013","article-title":"Hand span influences optimal grip span in boys and girls aged 6 to 12 years","volume":"33","author":"Artero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ministry of Health & Welfare (2015). Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, Ministry of Health & Welfare."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811104030184","article-title":"Development of physical disability in older adults","volume":"4","author":"Manini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Aging Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2283","article-title":"Definition and Assessment of Disability in Mental Disorders under the Perspective of the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF)","volume":"35","author":"Linden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. Law"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2019.07.012","article-title":"The Concept and Epidemiology of Disability","volume":"30","author":"Gosney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2307\/3349677","article-title":"An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States","volume":"54","author":"Nagi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Milbank. Mem. Fund Q Health Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/014860718901300130","article-title":"Hand grip dynamometry as a predictor of postoperative complications reappraisal using age standardized grip strengths","volume":"13","author":"Webb","year":"1989","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.281.6245.899","article-title":"Relation of anthropometric and dynamometric variables to serious postoperative complications","volume":"281","author":"Klidjian","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(96)90012-1","article-title":"Hand grip strength: An indicator of nutritional state and the mix of postoperative complications in patients with oral and maxillofacial cancers","volume":"34","author":"Guo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afj010","article-title":"Does admission grip strength predict length of stay in hospitalised older patients?","volume":"35","author":"Kerr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0594.2003.00094.x","article-title":"Predictors for the onset of functional decline among initially non-disabled older people living in a community during a 6-year follow-up","volume":"3","author":"Shinkai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/29.5.441","article-title":"Walking speed as a good predictor for the onset of functional dependence in a Japanese rural community population","volume":"29","author":"Shinkai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2004.03.007","article-title":"Short-term outcomes and their predictors for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"33","author":"Vecchiarino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart Lung J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00533-1","article-title":"Physical-strength tests and mortality among visitors to health-promotion centers in Japan","volume":"48","author":"Fujita","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B359","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.10.B359","article-title":"Skeletal muscle strength as a predictor of all-cause mortality in healthy men","volume":"57","author":"Metter","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.2.224","article-title":"Grip strength, postural control, and functional leg power in a representative cohort of British men and women: Associations with physical activity, health status, and socioeconomic conditions","volume":"60","author":"Kuh","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genm.2012.10.004","article-title":"Gender differences in anthropometric predictors of physical performance in older adults","volume":"9","author":"Fragala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gend. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12508","article-title":"Prognostic value of handgrip strength in people aged 60 years and older: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Rijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"10","article-title":"Muscle strength as a predictor of onset of ADL dependence in people aged 75 years","volume":"14","author":"Rantanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3904\/kjm.2020.95.4.266","article-title":"Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Korean Adults","volume":"95","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.02.008","article-title":"Skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ: PGC-1\u03b1, myokines and exercise","volume":"80","author":"Schnyder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2009.11.001","article-title":"Mobility-related performance tests to predict mobility disability at 2-year follow-up in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr151","article-title":"Predicting late-life disability and death by the rate of decline in physical performance measures","volume":"41","author":"Hirsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.1.74","article-title":"Measures of physical performance and risk for progressive and catastrophic disability: Results from the Women\u2019s Health and Aging Study","volume":"60","author":"Onder","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.2011.32.7.412","article-title":"Obesity, obesity related disease, and disability","volume":"32","author":"Na","year":"2011","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"273","article-title":"The Validity and Reliability of Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (K-IADL) Scale","volume":"6","author":"Won","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Geriatr. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"98","article-title":"The Validity and Reliability of Korean Activities of Daily Living (K-ADL) Scale","volume":"6","author":"Won","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Korean Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S146","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.3.S146","article-title":"Further evidence for the importance of subclinical functional limitation and subclinical disability assessment in gerontology and geriatrics","volume":"60","author":"Wolinsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:05:37Z","timestamp":1760141137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19159745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}}}