{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:12:28Z","timestamp":1790928748318,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mental Health Foundation"},{"name":"Douglas Harden Trust Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Over 90,000 residents had to be evacuated from Fort McMurray (FMM), Alberta, Canada due to the wildfire that engulfed the city in May 2016. Overall, about 2400 homes or 10% of the housing stock in Fort McMurray were destroyed. The fire consumed about 200,000 hectors of forest, reaching into Saskatchewan. During major disasters, communities\u2019 infrastructure is disrupted, and psychological, economic, and environmental effects are felt for years afterwards. Objective: Five years after the wildfire disaster, this study assessed the prevalence rate of major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Fort McMurray residents and determined the demographic, clinical, and other risk factors of probable MDD and PTSD. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect data through an online questionnaire administered via REDCap between 24 April and 2 June 2021. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess the presence of MDD symptoms in respondents. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-C) was used to assess likely PTSD in respondents. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate regression analyses were employed. Results: 186 out of 249 individuals who accessed the survey link completed it (74.7% response rate). The median age of the subscribers was 42. The sample included a majority of 159 (85.5%) females; 98 (52.7%) &gt; 40 years of age; 175 (94.1%) employed; and 132 (71%) in a relationship. The overall prevalence of MDD symptoms in our study sample was 45.0% (76). Four variables independently predicted MDD symptoms in the multivariate logistic regression model, including: unemployed (OR = 12.39; 95% CI: 1.21\u2013126.37), have received a mental diagnosis of MDD (OR = 4.50; 95% CI: 1.57\u221212.92), taking sedative-hypnotics (OR = 5.27; 95% CI: 1.01\u221227.39), and willingness to receive mental health counseling (OR = 4.90; 95% CI: 1.95\u201312.31). The prevalence of likely PTSD among our respondents was 39.6% (65). Three independent variables: received a mental health depression diagnosis from a health professional (OR = 4.49; 95% CI: 1.40\u201314.44), would like to receive mental health counseling (OR = 4.36, 95% CI: 1.54\u201312.34), and have only limited or no support from family (OR = 11.01, 95% CI: 1.92\u201363.20) contributed significantly to the model for predicting likely PTSD among respondents while controlling the other factors in the regression model. Conclusions: According to this study, unemployment, taking sleeping pills, having a prior depression diagnosis, and the willingness to receive mental health counseling significantly increase the odds of having MDD and PTSD following wildfires. Family support may protect against the development of these conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T21:09:18Z","timestamp":1659992958000},"page":"9759","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder, and Wildfires: A Fifth-Year Postdisaster Evaluation among Residents of Fort McMurray"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0690-0766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanying","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9593-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Medard","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8277-2570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ejemai","family":"Eboreime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3717-6398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reham","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nnamdi","family":"Nkire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7633-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belinda","family":"Agyapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"},{"name":"Global Psychological E-Health Foundation, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3511-4652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Pazderka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5325-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gloria","family":"Obuobi-Donkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1231-4501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5120-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Folajinmi","family":"Oluwasina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2743-0372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent I. O.","family":"Agyapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5909 Veterans Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 2E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182435","article-title":"Mental health consequences of disasters","volume":"35","author":"Goldmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Canadians\u2019 experiences with emergencies and disasters, 2014","volume":"1","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Juristat Can. Cent. Justice Stat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finlay, S.E., Moffat, A., Gazzard, R., Baker, D., and Murray, V. (2012). Health impacts of wildfires. PLoS Curr., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/4f959951cce2c"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"WHO (2022, June 03). Wildfire. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/westernpacific\/health-topics\/wildfires."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32413-2","article-title":"US wildfires and mental illness stress health systems","volume":"396","author":"Nelson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"B.J. Stocks Wildfire Investigations Ltd. (2013). Evaluating Past, Current and Future Forest Fire Load Trends in Canada, B.J. Stocks Wildfire Investigations Ltd."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50869","article-title":"The 2020 special report of the MJA\u2013Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Lessons learnt from Australia\u2019s \u201cBlack Summer\u201d","volume":"213","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"132","article-title":"Health effects of climate destabilization: Understanding the problem","volume":"119","author":"Krawisz","year":"2020","journal-title":"WMJ Off. Publ. State Med. Soc. Wis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.08.014","article-title":"Randomized controlled pilot trial of supportive text messaging for alcohol use disorder patients","volume":"94","author":"Agyapong","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00623","article-title":"Significant PTSD and other mental health effects present 18 months after the Fort Mcmurray wildfire: Findings from 3070 grades 7\u201312 students","volume":"10","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007814301369","article-title":"Prevalence, characteristics, and long-term sequelae of natural disaster exposure in the general population","volume":"13","author":"Briere","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32833f5e4e","article-title":"After the fire: The mental health consequences of fire disasters","volume":"24","author":"Laugharne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.054270","article-title":"Impact of childhood exposure to a natural disaster on adult mental health: 20-year longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"195","author":"McFarlane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.6.532","article-title":"The Aberfan disaster: 33-year follow-up of survivors","volume":"182","author":"Morgan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1521\/psyc.65.3.207.20173","article-title":"60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981\u20132001","volume":"65","author":"Norris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatry Interpers. Biol. Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.107799","article-title":"Mental health response to community disasters: A systematic review","volume":"310","author":"North","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golshani, S., Najafpour, A., Hashemian, S.S., Goudarzi, N., Firoozabadi, A., Ghezelbash, M.S., Hookari, S., Firoozabadi, K., D\u00fcrsteler, K.M., and Br\u00fchl, A.B. (2021). Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder Report High Scores of Insecure-Avoidant and Insecure-Anxious Attachment Styles, Dissociative Identity Symptoms, and Adult Traumatic Events. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9091169"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2021.2016661","article-title":"Psychological First Aid (PFA) and disasters","volume":"33","author":"Everly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halpern, J., Nitza, A., and Vermeulen, K. (2019). Disaster Mental Health Case Studies, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351252263"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.05.034","article-title":"How should we screen for depression following a natural disaster? An ROC approach to post-disaster screening in adolescents and adults","volume":"202","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Halverson, J.L. (2022, July 04). Depression Clinical Presentation. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/286759-clinical#b4."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, B., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Xue, C., and Zhang, L. (2014). A meta-analysis of risk factors for depression in adults and children after natural disasters. BMC Public Health, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-623"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.4.509","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders among adults seeking emergency disaster assistance after a wildland-urban interface fire","volume":"58","author":"Marshall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867420969815","article-title":"The dynamic course of psychological outcomes following the Victorian Black Saturday bushfires","volume":"55","author":"Bryant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"To, P., Eboreime, E., and Agyapong, V.I. (2021). The impact of wildfires on mental health: A scoping review. Behav. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs11090126"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21656","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 reactions after a wildfire disaster in Greece","volume":"25","author":"Papadatou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, M.R., Agyapong, V., Greenshaw, A.J., Cribben, I., Brett-MacLean, P., Drolet, J., McDonald-Harker, C., Omeje, J., Mankowsi, M., and Noble, S. (2019). After the Fort McMurray wildfire there are significant increases in mental health symptoms in grade 7\u201312 students compared to controls. BMC Psychiatry, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-2007-1"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gore, T.A. (2022, July 04). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/288154-overview."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belleville, G., Ouellet, M.-C., and Morin, C.M. (2019). Post-traumatic stress among evacuees from the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfires: Exploration of psychological and sleep symptoms three months after the evacuation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16091604"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-019-00096-z","article-title":"Prevalence rates and correlates of likely post-traumatic stress disorder in residents of fort mcmurray 6 months after a wildfire","volume":"19","author":"Agyapong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414534476","article-title":"Psychological outcomes following the Victorian Black Saturday bushfires","volume":"48","author":"Bryant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002594","article-title":"Partial PTSD versus full PTSD: An empirical examination of associated impairment","volume":"34","author":"Breslau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.3.289","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma","volume":"60","author":"Breslau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02526.x","article-title":"Substance use and misuse in the aftermath of terrorism. A Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"DiMaggio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20379","article-title":"\u201cIf they could make us disappear, they would!\u201d Youth and Violence in Cite Soleil, Haiti","volume":"38","author":"Willman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00683","article-title":"Mental health effects in primary care patients 18 months after a major wildfire in Fort McMurray: Risk increased by social demographic issues, clinical antecedents, and degree of fire exposure","volume":"10","author":"Moosavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Canada, S. (2016). 2016 Census: Fort McMurray [Population Centre]."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1476","article-title":"Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: Individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"365","author":"Levis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, C., Ko, Y.-H., An, H., Yoon, H.-K., and Han, C. (2020). Normative data and psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in a nationally representative Korean population. BMC Psychiatry, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02613-0"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000486","article-title":"The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM\u20135 (CAPS-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation in military veterans","volume":"30","author":"Weathers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelaye, B., Zheng, Y., Medina-Mora, M.E., Rondon, M.B., S\u00e1nchez, S.E., and Williams, M.A. (2017). Validity of the posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) checklist in pregnant women. BMC Psychiatry, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1304-4"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21837","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Arabic PTSD Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C) in women survivors of intimate partner violence","volume":"40","author":"Alhalal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2017-2239","article-title":"Reappraising the dimensional structure of the PTSD Checklist: Lessons from the DSM-IV-based PCL-C","volume":"40","author":"Reichenheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Corp, I. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, 25.0, IBM Corp."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00448","article-title":"Long-term mental health effects of a devastating wildfire are amplified by socio-demographic and clinical antecedents in elementary and high school staff","volume":"11","author":"Agyapong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00789038","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity following a natural disaster: An Australian bushfire","volume":"32","author":"McFarlane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.1.53","article-title":"Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study","volume":"90","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stankunas, M., Kalediene, R., Starkuviene, S., and Kapustinskiene, V. (2006). Duration of unemployment and depression: A cross-sectional survey in Lithuania. BMC Public Health, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-174"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.01.001","article-title":"Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses","volume":"74","author":"Paul","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867414525840","article-title":"Unemployment and psychosocial outcomes to age 30: A fixed-effects regression analysis","volume":"48","author":"Fergusson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Amiri, S. (2021). Unemployment associated with major depression disorder and depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon., 1\u201313."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1992.tb00505.x","article-title":"Unemployment and alcohol disorder in 1910 and 1990: Drift versus social causation","volume":"65","author":"Dooley","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90080-V","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and employment status","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.06.005","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of trajectories of depression after an urban disaster","volume":"19","author":"Nandi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.87","article-title":"Long-term mental health effects of a devastating wildfire are amplified by sociodemographic and clinical antecedents in college students","volume":"15","author":"Ritchie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disaster Med. Public Health Prep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silveira, S., Kornbluh, M., Withers, M.C., Grennan, G., Ramanathan, V., and Mishra, J. (2021). Chronic mental health sequelae of climate change extremes: A case study of the deadliest Californian wildfire. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041487"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182a430a0","article-title":"Unique and related predictors of major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and their comorbidity following Hurricane Katrina","volume":"201","author":"Nillni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-018-0004-8","article-title":"Prevalence rates and correlates of probable major depressive disorder in residents of Fort McMurray 6 months after a wildfire","volume":"17","author":"Agyapong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.602","article-title":"Delayed sleep phase syndrome: A review of its clinical aspects","volume":"152","author":"Regestein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06149.x","article-title":"Sleep schedules and daytime functioning in adolescents","volume":"69","author":"Wolfson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"328","article-title":"Study on the status and quality of sleep-related influencing factors in medical college students","volume":"26","author":"Feng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520600650695","article-title":"Daily activities and sleep quality in college students","volume":"23","author":"Carney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02231","article-title":"The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on Guangdong college students: The difference between seeking and not seeking psychological help","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30077-8","article-title":"Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.1.52","article-title":"Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"129","author":"Ozer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beliveau, P.J., Sampasa-Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., and Zamorski, M.A. (2019). Are personnel with a past history of mental disorders disproportionately vulnerable to the effects of deployment-related trauma? A cross-sectional study of Canadian military personnel. BMC Psychiatry, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2146-z"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-010-0126-6","article-title":"Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder: Review and recommendations for genome-wide association studies","volume":"12","author":"Cornelis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tull, M.T., Vida\u00f1a, A.G., and Betts, J.E. (2020). Emotion regulation difficulties in PTSD. Emotion in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816022-0.00010-7"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sasaki, Y., Tsuji, T., Koyama, S., Tani, Y., Saito, T., Kondo, K., Kawachi, I., and Aida, J. (2020). Neighborhood ties reduced depressive symptoms in older disaster survivors: Iwanuma study, a natural experiment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010337"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55953-7","article-title":"Pre-disaster social support is protective for onset of post-disaster depression: Prospective study from the Great East Japan Earthquake & Tsunami","volume":"9","author":"Sasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.05.037","article-title":"The contribution of pre-and postdisaster social support to short-and long-term mental health after Hurricanes Katrina: A longitudinal study of low-income survivors","volume":"138","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.02.040","article-title":"Supportive text messaging for depression and comorbid alcohol use disorder: Single-blind randomised trial","volume":"141","author":"Agyapong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"833","article-title":"Crisis support following the Herald of free-enterprise disaster: A longitudinal perspective","volume":"9","author":"Dalgleish","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Stress"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015269521969","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders among victims of a courthouse shooting spree: A three-year follow-up study","volume":"38","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Community Ment. Health J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-008-0049-7","article-title":"Social support and resilience to stress across the life span: A neurobiologic framework","volume":"10","author":"Ozbay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2012.01.016","article-title":"Human neuroimaging of oxytocin and vasopressin in social cognition","volume":"61","author":"Zink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.05.014","article-title":"Serum oxytocin concentrations in current and recent suicide survivors are lower than in healthy controls","volume":"128","author":"Jahangard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-07832-200410","article-title":"How does social support enhance resilience in the trauma-exposed individual?","volume":"20","author":"Sippel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00049.x","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in Canada","volume":"14","author":"Mancini","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3093","article-title":"Social influences on neuroplasticity: Stress and interventions to promote well-being","volume":"15","author":"Davidson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.2174\/157340011795945847","article-title":"Mobile phone text message interventions in psychiatry-what are the possibilities?","volume":"7","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agyapong, V.I., Mrklas, K., Juh\u00e1s, M., Omeje, J., Ohinmaa, A., Dursun, S.M., and Greenshaw, A.J. (2016). Cross-sectional survey evaluating Text4Mood: Mobile health program to reduce psychological treatment gap in mental healthcare in Alberta through daily supportive text messages. BMC Psychiatry, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1104-2"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agyapong, V.I., Juh\u00e1s, M., Ohinmaa, A., Omeje, J., Mrklas, K., Suen, V.Y., Dursun, S.M., and Greenshaw, A.J. (2017). Randomized controlled pilot trial of supportive text messages for patients with depression. BMC Psychiatry, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1448-2"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.114","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Health system and community response to a text message (Text4Hope) program supporting mental health in Alberta","volume":"14","author":"Agyapong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disaster Med. Public Health Prep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.658528","article-title":"The role of social determinants in mental health and resilience after disasters: Implications for public health policy and practice","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shalaby, R., Adu, M.K., Andreychuk, T., Eboreime, E., Gusnowski, A., Vuong, W., Surood, S., Greenshaw, A.J., and Agyapong, V.I. (2021). Prevalence, demographic, and clinical correlates of likely PTSD in subscribers of Text4Hope during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126227"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9759\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:05:44Z","timestamp":1760141144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/15\/9759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph19159759"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19159759","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]]}}}