{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:51Z","timestamp":1787028351373,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Highly antiretroviral therapy (HAART) used in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) treatment may prolong the life span of people living with HIV\/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) but may also induce the onset of autoimmune disorders. However, HIV-associated systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an extremely rare occurrence, and only four case reports and two studies documenting this association have been reported to date. We report a rare case of HIV-associated SSc who was referred to us for pain management in her mandibular teeth. A 44-year-old female patient diagnosed with HIV-associated SSc reported a complaint of pain in the lower posterior teeth region. Physical examination revealed typical features of SSc. The pain in her mandibular teeth was due to food lodgement, and she was advised to use toothpaste with a powered toothbrush and mouth stretching exercises, followed by oral prophylaxis. The patient responded well to therapy. HIV-associated SSc is an extremely rare occurrence, with an obscure pathogenic mechanism of HIV-associated autoimmunity. Oral physicians play a crucial role in disease management and should be incorporated into the multidisciplinary team.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T20:58:08Z","timestamp":1660597088000},"page":"10066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HIV-Associated Systemic Sclerosis: Literature Review and a Rare Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6832-9150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamimul","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110025, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd.","family":"Aqil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110025, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajat","family":"Panigrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 750017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mubder, M., Azab, M., Jayaraj, M., Cross, C., Lankarani, D., Dhindsa, B., Pan, J.J., and Ohning, G. 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