{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T10:27:17Z","timestamp":1778754437701,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Peking University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Preterm birth (PTB) leads to short-term and long-term adverse effects on newborns. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was positively related to PTB. However, the global annual average PM2.5 was three times than the recommended value in 1998\u20132014. Socio-demographic index (SDI) is a new indicator that comprehensively reflects the overall development level of a country, partly because of \u201cthe epidemiological transition\u201d. Among other countries with higher and similar SDI levels, policy makers have the opportunity to learn from their successful experiences and avoid their mistakes by identifying whether their burdens of disease are higher or lower than the expected. However, it is unclear about the trends of the burden of PM2.5-related preterm birth in different countries and different levels of SDI regions. Additionally, the relationship between the SDI and the burden in 1990\u20132019 is also unclear. Methods: This was a retrospective study based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD2019) database from 1990 to 2019. The burden of PM2.5-related PTB was measured by the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR), mortality rate, and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The annual percentage changes (APCs) and the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) were used to reflect the trends over the past 30 years, which were calculated using a joinpoint model. The relationships between the ASMR, ASDR, and SDI were calculated using a Gaussian process regression. Findings: In 2019, the entire burden of PM2.5-related PTB was relatively high, where the ASMR and the ASDR were 0.76 and 67.71, increasing by 7.04% and 7.12%, respectively. It mainly concentrated on early neonates, boys, and on low-middle SDI regions. The increase in the burden of PM2.5-related PTB in low and low-middle SDI regions is slightly higher than the decrease in other SDI regions. In 2019, the burden varied greatly among different levels of SDI regions where ASMRs varied from 0.13 in high SDI regions to 1.19 in low-middle regions. The relationship between the expected value of the burden of PM2.5-related PTB and SDI presented an inverted U-shape, and it reached the maximum when SDI is around 0.50. The burdens in four regions (South Asia, North Africa and the Middle East, western sub-Saharan Africa, and southern sub-Saharan Africa) were much higher than the mean value. Boys bore more burden that girls. The sex ratio (boys:girls) of the burden showed a dramatically increasing trend in low SDI regions and a decreasing trend in middle SDI regions and high-middle SDI regions. These differences reflect the huge inequality among regions, countries, ages, and sex in the burden of PM2.5-related PTB. Conclusion: The overall burden of PM2.5-related PTB in 2019 was relatively high, mainly concentrated on early neonates, boys, and on low-middle SDI regions. It showed an increasing trend in low-middle and low SDI regions. The association between the burden and the SDI presented an inverted U-shape. It is very necessary to promulgate policies to prevent and control air pollution in countries with large and increasing exposure to PM2.5 pollution because it does not need action at an individual level. Focusing on public educational interventions, public and professional policies, and improving accessibility of prenatal care are other feasible ways for low and low-middle SDI countries. Policy makers should also appropriately allocate medical resources to boys and early newborns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T20:58:08Z","timestamp":1660597088000},"page":"10068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Association between the Burden of PM2.5-Related Neonatal Preterm Birth and Socio-Demographic Index from 1990 to 2019: A Global Burden Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3330-4206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6554-2463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinzhu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, 5 Summer Palace Road, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1977). 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