{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:38:40Z","timestamp":1790620720086,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"NIEHS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U2CES030857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U2CES030857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sumner Lab","award":["1U2CES030857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U2CES030857"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tobacco use is a major public health concern and is linked to myriad diseases, including cancer. The link between tobacco use and oral cancer, specifically, is very strong, making tobacco use one of the primary risk factors for oral cancer. While this association is well known, the underlying biochemical changes that result from tobacco use, and how this links to metabolic phenotypes of oral cancer, is not well understood. To address this knowledge gap, a combination of literature reviews and metabolomics studies were performed to identify commonalities in metabolic perturbations between tobacco use and oral cancers. Metabolomics analysis was performed on pooled reference urine from smokers and non-smokers, healthy and malignant oral tissues, and cultured oral cells with or without treatment of the well-known tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Alterations in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrates\/oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid oxidation, nucleotide metabolism, steroid metabolism, and vitamin metabolism were found to be shared between tobacco use and oral cancer. These results support the conclusion that tobacco use metabolically reprograms oral cells to support malignant transformation through these pathways. These metabolic reprogramming events may be potential targets to prevent or treat oral cancers that arise from tobacco use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T21:39:21Z","timestamp":1660858761000},"page":"10261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Commonalities in Metabolic Reprogramming between Tobacco Use and Oral Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8662-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blake R.","family":"Rushing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Durham, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Tilley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Durham, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Schroder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Sumner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Durham, NC 27599, USA"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.29024\/aogh.2362","article-title":"Tobacco use worldwide: Legislative efforts to curb consumption","volume":"84","author":"Seijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2017: Monitoring Tobacco Use and Prevention Policies, WHO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, T., Boyle, P., Zhang, B., Zhang, Y., Owens, P.H., Lan, Q., and Wise, J. (2004). Tobacco use and risk of oral cancer. Tobacco and Public Health: Science and Policy, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198526872.003.0023"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600200","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600200","article-title":"Fundamentals of cancer metabolism","volume":"2","author":"DeBerardinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo5040571","article-title":"Cancer metabolism and drug resistance","volume":"5","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3124","article-title":"Metabolic pathways promoting cancer cell survival and growth","volume":"17","author":"Boroughs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw5473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw5473","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming and cancer progression","volume":"368","author":"Faubert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3504","article-title":"Targeting cancer metabolism: A therapeutic window opens","volume":"10","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"11884","article-title":"Essentials of oral cancer","volume":"8","author":"Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretton, A., and Loizou, J.I. (2020). Interplay between cellular metabolism and the dna damage response in cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12082051"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rushing, B.R., Schroder, M., and Sumner, S.C.J. (2022). Comparison of Lysis and Detachment Sample Preparation Methods for Cultured Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Using UHPLC\u2013HRMS-Based Metabolomics. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020168"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Li, Y., Rushing, B.R., Harris, S.E., McRitchie, S.L., Jones, J.C., Dominguez, D., Sumner, S.J., and Dohlman, H.G. (2021). Multi-omics analysis of glucose-mediated signaling by a moonlighting G\u03b2 protein Asc1\/RACK1. PLoS Genet., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.01.12.426444"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Li, Y., Rushing, B.R., Harris, S.E., McRitchie, S.L., Sumner, S.J., and Dohlman, H.G. (2022). Multi-omics analysis of multiple glucose-sensing receptor systems in yeast. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020175"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the Contribution of (Poly)phenols to the Dietary Exposome Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Untargeted Metabolomics","volume":"2100922","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, J., Rushing, B.R., Hall, M.S., Helke, K.L., McRitchie, S.L., Krupenko, N.I., Sumner, S.J., and Krupenko, S.A. (2022). Sex-Specific Metabolic Effects of Dietary Folate Withdrawal in Wild-Type and Aldh1l1 Knockout Mice. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12050454"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.10.006","article-title":"Fecal metabolomics reveals products of dysregulated proteloysis and altered microbial metabolism in obesity-related osteoarthritis","volume":"30","author":"Rushing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-018-1367-3","article-title":"Guidelines and considerations for the use of system suitability and quality control samples in mass spectrometry assays applied in untargeted clinical metabolomic studies","volume":"14","author":"Broadhurst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab382","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst 5.0: Narrowing the gap between raw spectra and functional insights","volume":"49","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-0909","article-title":"Urinary concentrations of estrogens and estrogen metabolites and smoking in caucasian women","volume":"22","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aug, A., Altraja, S., Kilk, K., Porosk, R., Soomets, U., and Altraja, A. (2015). E-cigarette affects the metabolome of primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142053"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3109\/00365511003611282","article-title":"The influence of cigarette and qalyan (hookah) smoking on serum nitric oxide metabolite concentration","volume":"70","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22519","article-title":"Metabolomic profiles of current cigarette smokers","volume":"56","author":"Hsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14943-3","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is associated with an altered vaginal tract metabolomic profile","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7899","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and effects on hormone function in premenopausal women","volume":"113","author":"Windham","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980018003932","article-title":"Smoking during pregnancy reduces Vitamin D levels in a Finnish birth register cohort","volume":"23","author":"Lokki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.12.021","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and testosterone in men and women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"85","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2018.12.006","article-title":"Profiling of carboxyl-containing metabolites in smokers and non-smokers by stable isotope labeling combined with LC-MS\/MS","volume":"569","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2009.137513","article-title":"Long- and short-term effects of tobacco smoking on circulating concentrations of B vitamins","volume":"56","author":"Ulvik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(99)00025-4","article-title":"Effect of smoking one cigarette on antioxidant metabolites in the saliva of healthy smokers","volume":"44","author":"Zappacpsta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Oral. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.04.005","article-title":"Influence of smoking and smoking cessation on levels of urinary 11-dehydro thromboxane B2","volume":"5","author":"Pouly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.511","article-title":"Influence of cigarette smoking on cardiac biomarkers: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study","volume":"18","author":"Nadruz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.173021","article-title":"Dietary supplement use and smoking are important correlates of biomarkers of water-soluble vitamin status after adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables in a representative sample of U.S. Adults","volume":"143","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.2.158","article-title":"The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults","volume":"79","author":"Schectman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200401700319","article-title":"Influence of cigarette smoking on vitamin E, vitamin A, \u03b2-carotene and lycopene concentrations in human pre-ovulatory follicular fluid","volume":"17","author":"Tiboni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12675","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12675","article-title":"Folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine in smoking-exposed pregnant women: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Tuenter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s198-002-8342-9","article-title":"Relationships between intestinal calcium absorption, serum vitamin D metabolites and smoking in postmenopausal women","volume":"13","author":"Need","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2020.107649","article-title":"Associations between smoking, glucose metabolism and lipid levels: A cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"Cichosz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1818","article-title":"Effects of smoking versus nonsmoking on postprandial glucose metabolism in heavy smokers compared with nonsmokers","volume":"41","author":"Bagger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.04.027","article-title":"Brain nitric oxide metabolites in rats preselected for nicotine preference and intake","volume":"545","author":"Keser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-015-9966-8","article-title":"Deteriorating Effect on Bone Metabolism and Microstructure by Passive Cigarette Smoking Through Dual Actions on Osteoblast and Osteoclast","volume":"96","author":"Ko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.04.012","article-title":"Acute Impact of Tobacco vs. Electronic Cigarette Smoking on Oxidative Stress and Vascular Function","volume":"150","author":"Carnevale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12338","article-title":"Smoking and gingivitis: Focus on inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide and basic fibroblast growth factor","volume":"51","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/01635580801956477","article-title":"Blood iron, glutathione, and micronutrient levels and the risk of oral cancer","volume":"60","author":"Richie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.81396","article-title":"Early stage diagnosis of oral cancer using 1H NMR-Based metabolomics1,2","volume":"11","author":"Tiziani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25881","article-title":"Salivary metabolite signatures of oral cancer and leukoplakia","volume":"129","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-009-0178-y","article-title":"Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles","volume":"6","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-011-0302-7","article-title":"Urine metabolite profiling offers potential early diagnosis of oral cancer","volume":"8","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"90","article-title":"Salivary Analysis of Nitrate, Nitrite and Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines Biomarkers in Oral Cancer Patients and its Correlation with Histopathological Grading","volume":"5","author":"Umashree","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2013.11.006","article-title":"Fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of salivary metabolites of oral cancer patients","volume":"130","author":"Yuvaraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.11.008","article-title":"Measurement of salivary metabolite biomarkers for early monitoring of oral cancer with ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.180955","article-title":"Pyruvic acid levels in serum and saliva: A new course for oral cancer screening?","volume":"20","author":"Bhat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31520","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31520","article-title":"Identification of salivary metabolomic biomarkers for oral cancer screening","volume":"6","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2378-5","article-title":"Effect of timing of collection of salivary metabolomic biomarkers on oral cancer detection","volume":"49","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohavanichbutr, P., Zhang, Y., Wang, P., Gu, H., Nagana Gowda, G.A., Djukovic, D., Buas, M.F., Raftery, D., and Chen, C. (2018). Salivary metabolite profiling distinguishes patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma from normal controls. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204249"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, M.Y., Lee, B.J., Chang, P.S., Hsiao, H.Y., Hsu, L.P., Chang, C.H., and Lin, P.T. (2020). The risks of ubiquinone and \u03b2-carotene deficiency and metabolic disorders in patients with oral cancer. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-06839-9"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, S., Ghosh, S., Das, D., Arun, P., Roy, B., Biswas, N.K., Maitra, A., and Majumder, P.P. (2020). Application of Random Forest and data integration identifies three dysregulated genes and enrichment of Central Carbon Metabolism pathway in Oral Cancer. BMC Cancer, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07709-0"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0375-3","article-title":"Amino acids in cancer","volume":"52","author":"Lieu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1126\/science.123.3191.309","article-title":"On the Origin of Cancer Cells","volume":"3191","author":"Warburg","year":"1956","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160809","article-title":"Understanding the Warburg Effect: The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation","volume":"324","author":"Cantley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0650-z","article-title":"Reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism in cancer","volume":"122","author":"Koundouros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-020-00237-2","article-title":"The diversity and breadth of cancer cell fatty acid metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Nagarajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624627","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/624627","article-title":"Vitamin A, cancer treatment and prevention: The new role of cellular retinol binding proteins","volume":"2015","author":"Doldo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"47","article-title":"Retinoids as cancer-preventive agents","volume":"139","author":"Sankaranarayanan","year":"1996","journal-title":"IARC Sci. Publ."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, C.T., Rodionov, D.A., Osterman, A.L., and Peterson, S.N. (2020). B Vitamins and Their Role in Immune Regulation and Cancer. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113380"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624627","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.673341","article-title":"Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Gut Microbiota: State of Knowledge","volume":"12","author":"Gui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1445-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota functions: Metabolism of nutrients and other food components","volume":"57","author":"Rowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.03.001","article-title":"An intracrine view of sex steroids, immunity, and metabolic regulation","volume":"15","author":"Rubinow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.01.017","article-title":"Nucleotide Metabolism, Oncogene-Induced Senescence and Cancer","volume":"356","author":"Aird","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiggs, A., Molina, S., Sumner, S.J., and Rushing, B.R. (2022). A Review of Metabolic Targets of Anticancer Nutrients and Nutraceuticals in Pre-Clinical Models of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14101990"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00314-0","article-title":"Adjusting for multiple testing\u2014When and how?","volume":"54","author":"Bender","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1258-2_22","article-title":"Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Data","volume":"1198","author":"Xi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons","volume":"1","author":"Rothman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/16\/10261\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:11:34Z","timestamp":1760141494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/16\/10261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191610261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191610261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}