{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:51:57Z","timestamp":1785426717535,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41877384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJQN202104501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202104501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42007305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QKHJC [2020]1Y187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKHJC [2020]1Y187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["41877384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877384"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KJQN202104501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202104501"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["42007305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007305"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["QKHJC [2020]1Y187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKHJC [2020]1Y187"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41877384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJQN202104501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202104501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42007305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["QKHJC [2020]1Y187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKHJC [2020]1Y187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province","award":["41877384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877384"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province","award":["KJQN202104501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202104501"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province","award":["42007305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42007305"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Guizhou Province","award":["QKHJC [2020]1Y187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKHJC [2020]1Y187"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Manganese (Mn)-related activities would affect the mercury (Hg) cycling in farmlands, whereas this was not well understood. Here, one of the largest Mn ores in China was selected to study the effects of Mn-related activities on the accumulation and distribution of total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in farmland soils. The soil THg concentrations in the mining area were 0.56 \u00b1 0.45, 0.56 \u00b1 0.45, 0.53 \u00b1 0.44, and 0.50 \u00b1 0.46 mg kg\u22121 in the 0\u201310, 10\u201320, 20\u201330, and 30\u201340 cm layers, respectively, while they were increased to 0.75 \u00b1 0.75, 0.72 \u00b1 0.60, 0.62 \u00b1 0.46, and 0.52 \u00b1 0.38 mg kg\u22121 in the smelting area. Similarly, the soil MeHg concentrations in the smelting area were also elevated by 1.04\u20131.34 times as compared to those in the mining area. Concentrations of THg (0.59 \u00b1 0.50 mg kg\u22121) and MeHg (0.64 \u00b1 0.82 \u03bcg kg\u22121) in soils were higher than the regional background value but lower than in vicinal Hg-mining areas, while they were largely elevated at the intersection of two rivers in the smelting area. Significant positive Mn-THg relationship (p &lt; 0.01) and negative Mn-MeHg relationship (p &lt; 0.01) favored the conclusion that soil Mn could promote Hg accumulation while inhibiting MeHg production. Approximately 70% of soil Hg was distributed in the residual phase, and the environmental hazard was not elevated according to a geochemical model. Overall, mining and smelting activities of Mn ores have resulted in obvious and distinct effects on the accumulation and methylation of Hg in farmland soils, but the environmental hazards are currently manageable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T21:39:21Z","timestamp":1660858761000},"page":"10288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Distribution of Mercury and Methylmercury in Farmland Soils Affected by Manganese Mining and Smelting Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yongjiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Quality Test, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing 401220, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8464-9664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weibin","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deliang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1157-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dingyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/20016491089226","article-title":"Mercury in the Aquatic Environment: A Review of Factors Affecting Methylation","volume":"31","author":"Ullrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7062666","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure and health effects from rice and fish consumption: A review","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121324","article-title":"Screening of native low mercury accumulation crops in a mercury-polluted mining region: Agricultural planning to manage mercury risk in farming communities","volume":"262","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1021\/es071948x","article-title":"Human exposure to methylmercury through rice intake in mercury mining areas, Guizhou province, China","volume":"42","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, D.L., Zhou, X., He, T.R., Wu, P., and Ran, S. (2022). Remediation of Mercury-Polluted Farmland Soils: A Review. Bull. Environ. Contam. Tox.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-022-03544-0"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110950","article-title":"Mercury in rice paddy fields and how does some agricultural activities affect the translocation and transformation of mercury\u2014A critical review","volume":"202","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2018.04.028","article-title":"Effects of soil properties on production and bioaccumulation of methylmercury in rice paddies at a mercury mining area, China","volume":"68","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.05.001","article-title":"Mercury methylation in rice paddies and its possible controlling factors in the Hg mining area, Guizhou province, Southwest China","volume":"215","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.067","article-title":"Mercury flow through an Asian rice-based food web","volume":"229","author":"Abeysinghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110462","article-title":"Mercury methylation in rice paddy and accumulation in rice plant: A review","volume":"195","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.04.097","article-title":"Mercury distribution characteristics in primary manganese smelting plants","volume":"227","author":"Back","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chnaes.2015.01.002","article-title":"Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plants in Rongxi Manganese Mine of Chongqing, Southwest of China","volume":"35","author":"Hao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.12.011","article-title":"Distribution of mercury and methylmercury in river water and sediment of typical manganese mining area","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1625","article-title":"Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in farmland soil in northwest Xiushan, Chongqing","volume":"47","author":"Bao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geol. China"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2017.04.005","article-title":"The impact of an abandoned mercury mine on the environment in the Xiushan region, Chongqing, southwestern China","volume":"88","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.175","article-title":"Characteristics of archaea and bacteria in rice rhizosphere along a mercury gradient","volume":"650","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"167","article-title":"Investigation and Assessment of Contaminated Soils and Plants by Mn in Manganese Mining Area in Xiushan Autonomous County of Chongqing","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2018). Determination of Soil pH\u2014Potentiometric Method. National Environmental Protection Standards of the People\u2019s Republic of China (Standard No. HJ962-2018). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2006). Part 6: Determination of Soil Organic Matter (Standard No. NY\/T1121.6-2006). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2017). Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity in Soil\u2014Extraction of Cobalt Hexachloride\u2014Spectrophotometric Method (Standard No. HJ889-2017). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50043a017","article-title":"Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals","volume":"51","author":"Tessier","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"USEPA (2002). Method 1631: Mercury in Water by Oxidation, Purge and Trap, and Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (Revision E), EPA-821-R-02-019."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"907","article-title":"Distribution of mercury speciation in polluted soils of Wanshan mercury mining area in Guizhou","volume":"30","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1528","article-title":"Determination of arsenic, mercury, selenium, antimony and bismuth in soil and sediment by water bath Digestion-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spect. Anal."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"66","article-title":"The Study of Method for detecting Heavy Metal Elements in Soil","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. China"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"51","article-title":"Study on determination of 42 major, minor and trace elements in soil and stream sediment samples","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2018). Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standard for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land (Standard No. GB15618-2018). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109403","article-title":"Effect of different rotation systems on mercury methylation in paddy fields","volume":"182","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-493-2012","article-title":"Biogeochemical factors affecting mercury methylation rate in two contaminated floodplain soils","volume":"9","author":"Frohne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1021\/jf073391a","article-title":"Methylmercury Accumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown at Abandoned Mercury Mines in Guizhou, China","volume":"56","author":"Qiu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-018-2523-1","article-title":"Mercury-Organic Matter Interactions in Soils and Sediments: Angel or Devil?","volume":"102","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"B. Environ. Contam. Tox."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2016.1152158","article-title":"Soil mercury accumulation and transference to different crop grains","volume":"22","author":"Hang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1021\/es4038484","article-title":"Dissolved Organic Matter Kinetically Controls Mercury Bioavailability to Bacteria","volume":"48","author":"Blais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/16\/10288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:11:51Z","timestamp":1760141511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/16\/10288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191610288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191610288","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}