{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:10:55Z","timestamp":1787069455894,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Supporting Research Program of the Research Institute in Dentistry of the University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara","award":["PROSNI 259639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROSNI 259639"]}]},{"name":"Supporting Research Program of the Research Institute in Dentistry of the University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara","award":["Federal found 11482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Federal found 11482"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Knowledge of the oral manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the new coronavirus causing the COVID-19 pandemic, was hindered due to the restrictions issued to avoid proximity between people and to stop the rapid spread of the disease, which ultimately results in a hyperinflammatory cytokine storm that can cause death. Because periodontal disease is one of the most frequent inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, various theories have emerged postulating periodontal disease as a risk factor for developing severe complications associated with COVID-19. This motivated various studies to integrate questions related to periodontal status. For the present work, we used a previously validated self-report, which is a useful tool for facilitating epidemiological studies of periodontal disease on a large scale. Methodology: A blinded case-control study with participants matched 1:1 by mean age (37.7 years), sex, tobacco habits and diseases was conducted. After the diagnostic samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection were taken in an ad hoc location at Guadalajara University, the subjects were interviewed using structured questionnaires to gather demographic, epidemiological and COVID-19 symptom information. The self-reported periodontal disease (Self-RPD) questionnaire included six questions, and subjects who met the criteria with a score \u2265 2 were considered to have periodontal disease. Results: In total, 369 participants were recruited, with 117 participants included in each group. After indicating the subjects who had self-reported periodontal disease, a statistically significant difference (p value \u2264 0.001) was observed, showing that self-reported periodontal disease (n = 95, 85.1%) was higher in SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals than in controls (n = 66, 56.4%), with an OR of 3.3 (1.8\u20136.0) for SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with self-reported periodontal disease. Cases reported a statistically higher median of symptoms (median = 7.0, Q1= 5.5, Q3 = 10.0) than controls (p value \u2264 0.01), and cases with positive self-RPD had a significantly (p value \u2264 0.05) higher number of symptoms (median = 8.0, Q1 = 6.0, Q3 = 10.0) in comparison with those who did negative self-RPD (median = 6.0, Q1 = 5.0, Q3 = 8.0). Conclusions: According to this study, self-reported periodontal disease could be considered a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and these individuals present more symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T21:39:21Z","timestamp":1660858761000},"page":"10306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Self-Reported Periodontal Disease and Its Association with SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Israel","family":"Guardado-Luevanos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate in Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9755-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronell","family":"Bologna-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Pathology Area, Faculty of Dentistry, Montevideo Republic University, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay"},{"name":"Research Department, School of Dentistry, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Durango 34100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Sergio","family":"Zepeda-Nu\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Pathology Department, Pathology Laboratory, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8389-6866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Isiordia-Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department, Biomedical Science Division, Los Altos University Center, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Molina-Frechero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Care Department, Autonomous Metropolitan University, Mexico City 14387, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4457-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogelio","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, School of Dentistry, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Durango 34100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4508-1556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology Postgraduate, Comprehensive Dental Clinics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8397-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"L\u00f3pez-Verd\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Dentistry, Comprehensive Dental Clinics Department, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021, June 05). 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