{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:38:47Z","timestamp":1790789927961,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Penn March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center (PI Driscoll)"},{"name":"The Department of Pediatrics at the Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infants born preterm are at risk of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Preterm birth (PTB) can be categorized as either spontaneous (sPTB) or medically indicated (mPTB), resulting from distinct pathophysiologic processes such as preterm labor or preeclampsia, respectively. A growing body of literature has demonstrated the impacts of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and benzene exposure on PTB, though few studies have investigated how these associations may differ by PTB subtype. We investigated the associations of NO2 and benzene exposure with sPTB and mPTB among 18,616 singleton live births at two Philadelphia hospitals between 2013 and 2017. Residential NO2 exposure was estimated using a land use regression model and averaged over the patient\u2019s full pregnancy. Benzene exposure was estimated at the census tract level using National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) exposure data from 2014. We used logistic mixed-effects models to calculate odds ratios for overall PTB, sPTB, and mPTB separately, adjusting for patient- and tract-level confounders. Given the known racial segregation and PTB disparities in Philadelphia, we also examined race-stratified models. Counter to the hypothesis, neither NO2 nor benzene exposure differed by race, and neither were significantly associated with PTB or PTB subtypes. As such, these pollutants do not appear to explain the racial disparities in PTB in this setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T22:23:13Z","timestamp":1661120593000},"page":"10365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Benzene and NO2 Exposure during Pregnancy and Preterm Birth in Two Philadelphia Hospitals, 2013\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Escoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4803-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne M.","family":"Mullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Ledyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Rovit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health Initiatives, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Tripathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather H.","family":"Burris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Clougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, October 08). 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