{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:53:53Z","timestamp":1791942833099,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]],"date-time":"2022-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["K23-DA045081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-DA045081"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["K01-DA053410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01-DA053410"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["U01-DA045517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DA045517"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["R01-DA048428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA048428"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["UL1 TR002014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002014"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)","award":["UL1 TR00045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR00045"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH","award":["K23-DA045081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-DA045081"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH","award":["K01-DA053410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01-DA053410"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH","award":["U01-DA045517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01-DA045517"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH","award":["R01-DA048428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-DA048428"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH","award":["UL1 TR002014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR002014"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH","award":["UL1 TR00045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR00045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Electronic delivery systems (e.g., vapes, e-cigarettes) are now popular modes of cannabis and nicotine administration that are often used by the same individuals; however, we still know little about dual nicotine and cannabis vaping. Materials &amp; Methods: An online convenience sample of adult nicotine and\/or cannabis vape users residing in the United States completed a 60 min survey on sociodemographic characteristics, cannabis and\/or nicotine vape use behaviors and dependence, reasons for vape use, and perceptions of benefits and harms. After data cleaning, we compared dual vs. nicotine-only and cannabis-only vape users with univariate statistics and step-wise hierarchical linear regression analyses. Additionally, we assessed the factor structure, internal consistency, and criterion and convergent validity of the Penn State Cannabis Vaping Dependence Index (PSCVDI). Results: The final sample included 357 dual, 40 cannabis, and 106 nicotine vape users. Compared to nicotine- and cannabis-only vapers, dual vapers started using their nicotine and cannabis vapes at a younger age (p &lt; 0.001), used them for more years (p &lt; 0.001), and were less likely to use their nicotine vape to replace combustible cigarettes (p = 0.047). Dual users vs. single-substance users did not have significantly higher nicotine or cannabis vape dependence scores after controlling for sociodemographic and use behaviors. The PSCVDI showed adequate validity for measuring cannabis vape dependence. Conclusions: This survey is the first to highlight important differences in vape use behaviors and reasons for use between dual vs. cannabis- and nicotine-only vape users.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191610392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T22:23:13Z","timestamp":1661120593000},"page":"10392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Comparison of Vaping Behavior, Perceptions, and Dependence among Individuals Who Vape Nicotine, Cannabis, or Both"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-1582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savreen K.","family":"Saran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalin Z.","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2296-0726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Foulds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7274-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6vg\u03cb","family":"Kaynak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral Sciences & Education, Penn State Harrisburg, 777 West Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA 17057, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna","family":"Hoglen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Houser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5824-4572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolle M.","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Yingst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1809-3749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia I.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candace R.","family":"Bordner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea L.","family":"Hobkirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences & Penn State Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.0724","article-title":"US Adult Illicit Cannabis Use, Cannabis Use Disorder, and Medical Marijuana Laws: 1991\u20131992 to 2012\u20132013","volume":"74","author":"Hasin","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA 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