{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:11:34Z","timestamp":1773900694441,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Geological Society of America graduate student research","award":["2017-034s"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-034s"]}]},{"name":"Geological Society of America graduate student research","award":["004\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2015"]}]},{"name":"TAMU-CONACYT program","award":["2017-034s"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-034s"]}]},{"name":"TAMU-CONACYT program","award":["004\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2015"]}]},{"name":"University of Guanajuato Convocatoria Institucional para Fortalecer la Excelencia Acad\u00e9mica (Institutional Funding for Strengthening Excellence Academics)","award":["2017-034s"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-034s"]}]},{"name":"University of Guanajuato Convocatoria Institucional para Fortalecer la Excelencia Acad\u00e9mica (Institutional Funding for Strengthening Excellence Academics)","award":["004\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["004\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semi-arid regions with little surface water commonly experience rapid water table decline rates. To hedge against the falling water table, production wells in central Mexico are commonly installed to depths of several hundred meters below the present water table and constructed as open boreholes or perforated casings across their entire length. Such wells represent highly conductive pathways leading to non-negligible flow across chemically distinct layers of an aquifer\u2014a phenomenon known as ambient flow. The objectives of this study were to estimate the rate of ambient flow in seven production wells utilizing an end-member mixing model that is constrained by the observed transient chemical composition of produced water. The end-member chemical composition of the upper and lower layers of an urban aquifer that overlies geothermal heat is estimated to anticipate the future quality of this sole source of water for a rapidly growing urban area. The comprehensive water chemistry produced by seven continuously perforated municipal production wells, spanning three geologically unique zones across the city of San Miguel de Allende in Guanajuato State, was monitored during one day of pumping. The concentration of conservative constituents gradually converged on steady-state values. The model indicates that, relative to the lower aquifer, the upper aquifer generally has higher specific conductance (SC), chloride (Cl), nitrate (NO3), calcium (Ca), barium (Ba) and magnesium (Mg). The lower aquifer generally has a higher temperature, sodium (Na), boron (B), arsenic (As) and radon (Rn). Ambient flow ranged from 33.1 L\/min to 225.7 L\/min across the seven wells, but this rate for a given well varied depending on which tracer was used. This new 3D understanding of the chemical stratification of the aquifer suggests that as water tables continue to fall, concentrations of geothermally associated contaminants of concern will increase in the near future, potentially jeopardizing the safety of municipal drinking water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T21:15:05Z","timestamp":1660252505000},"page":"9907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Water Quality Assessment Bias Associated with Long-Screened Wells Screened across Aquifers with High Nitrate and Arsenic Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yibin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology & Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanmei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2567-9489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter S. K.","family":"Knappett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology & Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5119-3565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Montiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"},{"name":"Geosyntec Consultants, Clearwater, FL 33764, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Three Gorges Geotechnical Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Aviles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5433-0986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horacio","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatic and Hydraulic Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Itza","family":"Mendoza-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2294-1464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidro","family":"Loza-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mining, Metallurgy and Geology Engineering, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S51","article-title":"The impacts of urbanization on groundwater systems and recharge","volume":"1","author":"Sharp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aqua Mundi"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-013-3595-3","article-title":"Impacts of urbanization on groundwater hydrodynamics and hydrochemistry of the toluca valley aquifer (Mexico)","volume":"186","author":"Esteller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. 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