{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:19:44Z","timestamp":1790785184846,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-107721RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107721RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU17\/01825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU17\/01825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte, Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-107721RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107721RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003176","name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte, Spain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU17\/01825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU17\/01825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003176","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this research was to investigate whether heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training improves mortality predictors to a greater extent than predefined training in coronary artery disease patients. Twenty-one patients were randomly allocated to the HRV-guided training group (HRV-G) or the predefined training group (PRED-G). They measured their HRV at home daily and trained three times a week for six weeks. Resting heart rate, isolated vagal-related HRV indices (i.e., RMSSD, HF, and SD1), weekly averaged RMSSD, heart rate recovery, and maximum oxygen uptake were assessed before and after the training period. There was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.034) in the change in weekly averaged RMSSD in favor of the HRV-G, while no differences were found in the remaining analyzed variables (p &gt; 0.050). Regardless of the training prescription method, exercise training decreased resting heart rate (p = 0.001; \u22124.10 [95% CI = \u22126.37\u2013\u22121.82] beats per minute (bpm)), and increased heart rate recovery at 2 min (p = 0.010; 4.33 [95% CI = 1.15\u20137.52] bpm) and maximum oxygen uptake (p &lt; 0.001; 3.04 [95% CI = 1.70\u20134.37] mL\u00b7kg\u22121\u00b7min\u22121). HRV-guided training is superior to predefined training in improving vagal-related HRV when methodological factors are accounted for<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T21:30:34Z","timestamp":1661203834000},"page":"10463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Heart Rate Variability-Guided Training for Improving Mortality Predictors in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1399-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Manresa-Rocamora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1917-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Sarabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7787-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Guillen-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital General de Elda, 03600 Elda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4915-1486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio","family":"P\u00e9rez-Berbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario San Juan, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario del Vinalop\u00f3, 03293 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Miralles-Vicedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario del Vinalop\u00f3, 03293 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2276-7205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Vicente-Salar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2291-5899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Moya-Ram\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez University of Elche, 03202 Elche, Spain"},{"name":"Institute for Health and Biomedical Research of Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.10.044","article-title":"Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Coronary Heart Disease: Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000856","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000856","article-title":"Impact of changes in heart rate with age on all-cause death and cardiovascular events in 50-year-old men from the general population","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910283411804","article-title":"Heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise as a predictor of mortality","volume":"341","author":"Cole","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: A meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Kodama","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.11.2850","article-title":"Impact of reduced heart rate variability on risk for cardiac events. The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"94","author":"Tsuji","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.06.004","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Ezzatvar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.176644","article-title":"Effects of long-term exercise training on autonomic control in myocardial infarction patients","volume":"58","author":"Martinez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12420","article-title":"Heart rate recovery improvement in patients following acute myocardial infarction: Exercise training, \u03b2-blocker therapy or both","volume":"38","author":"Medeiros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"327","article-title":"Are the Current Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs Optimized to Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Patients? A Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Sarabia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology","volume":"93","author":"Malik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.10.057","article-title":"Methods of assessment of the post-exercise cardiac autonomic recovery: A methodological review","volume":"227","author":"Bartels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"662","article-title":"Heart rate variability: A new tool to predict complications in adult cardiac surgery","volume":"14","author":"Nenna","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1161\/hc1102.105261","article-title":"Plasma norepinephrine predicts survival and incident cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"105","author":"Zoccali","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-013-0071-8","article-title":"Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: Opening the door to effective monitoring","volume":"43","author":"Plews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25573","article-title":"Reminder: RMSSD and SD1 are identical heart rate variability metrics","volume":"56","author":"Ciccone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258","article-title":"An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms","volume":"5","author":"Shaffer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02332222","article-title":"Plasma norepinephrine and heart rate dynamics during recovery from submaximal exercise in man","volume":"58","author":"Perini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"187","article-title":"Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation and parasympathetic function in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13932","article-title":"Heart rate-based indices to detect parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes. A meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Flatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2013-0455","article-title":"Monitoring training with heart rate-variability: How much compliance is needed for valid assessment?","volume":"9","author":"Plews","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319838221","article-title":"Exercise training in women with cardiovascular disease: Differential response and barriers\u2014Review and perspective","volume":"28","author":"Witvrouwen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.5.1770","article-title":"Age, sex, race, initial fitness, and response to training: The HERITAGE Family Study","volume":"90","author":"Skinner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200108000-00023","article-title":"Heart rate variability in athletes: Relationship with central and peripheral performance","volume":"33","author":"Hedelin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25237","DOI":"10.5812\/cardiovascmed.25237","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction predicts poor physical improvement after cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure","volume":"3","author":"Compostella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0484-2","article-title":"Monitoring Athletic Training Status Through Autonomic Heart Rate Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Bellenger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javaloyes, A., Sarabia, J.M., Lamberts, R.P., and Moya-Ramon, M. (Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform., 2018). Training Prescription Guided by Heart Rate Variability in Cycling, Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2018-0122"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181cd5f39","article-title":"Daily exercise prescription on the basis of HR variability among men and women","volume":"42","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002001","article-title":"Endurance Running Training Individually Guided by HRV in Untrained Women","volume":"33","author":"Ferraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.6.688","article-title":"Evaluating training adaptation with heart-rate measures: A methodological comparison","volume":"8","author":"Plews","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-007-0552-2","article-title":"Endurance training guided individually by daily heart rate variability measurements","volume":"101","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-013-4037-2","article-title":"Individualization of exercise load control for inpatient cardiac rehabilitation. Development and evaluation of a HRV-based intervention program for patients with ischemic heart failure","volume":"40","author":"Behrens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000003337","article-title":"Training Prescription Guided by Heart Rate Variability Vs. Block Periodization in Well-Trained Cyclists","volume":"34","author":"Javaloyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0668","article-title":"Comparison of Heart-Rate-Variability Recording With Smartphone Photoplethysmography, Polar H7 Chest Strap, and Electrocardiography","volume":"12","author":"Plews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"535","article-title":"Ultra-short-term heart rate variability indexes at rest and post-exercise in athletes: Evaluating the agreement with accepted recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Esco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2013-0071","article-title":"Validity of the ithlete\u2122 Smart Phone Application for Determining Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability","volume":"39","author":"Flatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2019.02.006","article-title":"Heart rate variability: Are you using it properly? Standardisation checklist of procedures","volume":"24","author":"Catai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001841","article-title":"Validity of the elite HRV smartphone application for examining heart rate variability in a field-based setting","volume":"31","author":"Perrotta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1270","article-title":"Oxygen uptake efficiency plateau best predicts early death in heart failure","volume":"141","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1285","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and its application","volume":"93","author":"Albouaini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.184461","article-title":"Assessment of functional capacity in clinical and research settings: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention of the Council on Clinical Cardiology and the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":"116","author":"Arena","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200111000-00007","article-title":"Validity and reliability of combining three methods to determine ventilatory threshold","volume":"33","author":"Gaskill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00073","article-title":"Monitoring training status with HR measures: Do all roads lead to Rome?","volume":"5","author":"Buchheit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2354-4","article-title":"Heart rate variability in elite triathletes, is variation in variability the key to effective training? A case comparison","volume":"112","author":"Plews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000910","article-title":"Individual endurance training prescription with heart rate variability","volume":"48","author":"Vesterinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2012.762984","article-title":"The relationship between cardiac autonomic function and maximal oxygen uptake response to high-intensity intermittent-exercise training","volume":"31","author":"Boutcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6634.1454","article-title":"Calculating confidence intervals for some non-parametric analyses","volume":"296","author":"Campbell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"H2152","article-title":"Dissociation of heart rate variability from parasympathetic tone","volume":"266","author":"Goldberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32836043c9","article-title":"Angiotensin receptor blockers regulate the synchronization of circadian rhythms in heart rate and blood pressure","volume":"31","author":"Sato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2013.767947","article-title":"The impact of breathing on HRV measurements: Implications for the longitudinal follow-up of athletes","volume":"13","author":"Saboul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182980125","article-title":"Evidence of parasympathetic hyperactivity in functionally overreached athletes","volume":"45","author":"Pichon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"H132","article-title":"Modulation of cardiac autonomic activity during and immediately after exercise","volume":"256","author":"Arai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1999.87.4.1463","article-title":"Muscle pump and central command during recovery from exercise in humans","volume":"87","author":"Carter","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01370.2003","article-title":"Muscle mechanoreceptor modulation of sweat rate during recovery from moderate exercise","volume":"96","author":"Shibasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000246","article-title":"Multimedia Exercise Training Program Improves Distance Walked, Heart Rate Recovery, and Self-efficacy in Cardiac Surgery Patients","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12102","article-title":"Heart rate recovery: Autonomic determinants, methods of assessment and association with mortality and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"34","author":"Forjaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.10.039","article-title":"Importance of the first two minutes of heart rate recovery after exercise treadmill testing in predicting mortality and the presence of coronary artery disease in men","volume":"93","author":"Lipinski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106167","article-title":"Autonomic blockade by propranolol and atropine to study intrinsic myocardial function in man","volume":"48","author":"Jose","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13802","article-title":"Predefined vs data-guided training prescription based on autonomic nervous system variation: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Zinner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medell\u00edn Ruiz, J.P., Rubio-Arias, J.A., Clemente-Suarez, V.J., and Ramos-Campo, D.J. (2020). Effectiveness of training prescription guided by heart rate variability versus predefined training for physiological and aerobic performance improvements: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10238532"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rees, K., Taylor, R.S., Singh, S., Coats, A.J., and Ebrahim, S. (2004). Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., Cd003331.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003331.pub2"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.07.051","article-title":"The influence of training characteristics on the effect of exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"245","author":"Kraal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Marfell-Jones, M.J., RhoStewartme, A.D., and De Ridder, J.H. (2022, July 01). International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/236891109_International_Standards_for_Anthropometric_Assessment."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19740060","article-title":"Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: Measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years","volume":"32","author":"Durnin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Martin, A. (1991). Anthropometric assessment of bone mineral. Anthropometric Assessment of Nutritional Status, Wiley-Liss."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.3.796","article-title":"Total-body skeletal muscle mass: Development and cross-validation of anthropometric prediction models","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-2-50","article-title":"The MacNew Heart Disease health-related quality of life instrument: A summary","volume":"2","author":"Lim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.05.004","article-title":"Portfolio Dietary Pattern and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials","volume":"61","author":"Chiavaroli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"789","article-title":"Evidence-based nutritional recommendations for the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults (FESNAD-SEEDO consensus document). Methodology and executive summary (I\/III)","volume":"27","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/17\/10463\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:13:47Z","timestamp":1760141627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/17\/10463"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191710463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191710463","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]}}}