{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:47:34Z","timestamp":1791208054282,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["PTDC\/DTP-PIC\/2449\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/DTP-PIC\/2449\/2014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Although obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms are common in the perinatal period, measures to comprehensively assess their presence, frequency, interference and severity are lacking. The Perinatal Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Scale (POCS) is the only self-report questionnaire with context-specific items. It includes items to assess perinatal-specific obsessions and compulsions, a severity scale and an interference scale. Objectives: (1) to analyze the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the POCS; (2) to find Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Disorder (OCD) prevalence in postpartum and determine the POCS cut-off scores and its accuracy (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) in screening for OCD according to DSM-5 criteria; (3) to describe the prevalence, content, severity, interference and onset of OC symptoms in the postpartum. Methods: 212 women in postpartum filled in a booklet, including the POCS Portuguese preliminary version, the Perinatal Anxiety Screening Scale and the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale; they were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview for Psychological Distress\u2014Postpartum. Results: Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that POCS presented acceptable fit indexes (\u03c72\/df = 2.2971; CFI= 0.9319; GFI = 0.8574; TLI = 0.9127; RMSEA = 0.860, p &lt; 0.001). The Cronbach\u2019s alphas were all &gt; 0.800. The POCS cut-off point that maximized the Youden Index (J = 0.86, 95% CI [0.94\u20130.99]) was 20, corresponding to an Area Under the Curve of 0.970 (p &lt; 0.001; Standard Error = 0.031; 95% CI: 0.937 to 0.988). The prevalence of postpartum OCD was 3.30%. The severity of thoughts and behaviors was moderate to severe for approximately 15% of women. For thirty-five percent of women, the onset of symptoms was in the first three months postpartum. Conclusions: The Portuguese version of POCS has good validity, reliability and accuracy and may be considered ready for use in both clinic and research fields. POCS provides specific information regarding symptoms and individual patterns experienced by each woman, which allows normalization, destigmatization and personalized intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T21:28:12Z","timestamp":1661462892000},"page":"10624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: Psychometric, Operative and Epidemiologic Study in a Portuguese Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9980-441X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Telma","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8407-5821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8537-1043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Col\u00e9gio Novo, s\/n, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9594-9352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana C.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Col\u00e9gio Novo, s\/n, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Caba\u00e7os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Col\u00e9gio Novo, s\/n, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0249-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Pato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, 1975 Zonal Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2180-2718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Centro Hospitalar e Universit\u00e1rio de Coimbra, Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30368","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20m13398","article-title":"High Prevalence and Incidence of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Among Women Across Pregnancy and the Postpartum","volume":"82","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18438","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12r07917","article-title":"Risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnant and postpartum women: A meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3746","article-title":"Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: An integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Pauls","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.09.019","article-title":"New parenthood as a risk factor for the development of obsessional problems","volume":"45","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2022.152315","article-title":"The role of gender in a large international OCD sample: A Report from the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS) Network","volume":"116","author":"Benatti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102124","article-title":"Obsessive compulsive-disorder and reproductive life events","volume":"52","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2016.04.003","article-title":"Parenting and mother-infant interactions in the context of maternal postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder: Effects of obsessional symptoms and mood","volume":"44","author":"Challacombe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.082","article-title":"Perinatal anxiety disorder prevalence and incidence","volume":"200","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"178","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder during pregnancy and postpartum period: A review","volume":"1","author":"Uguz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39944","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14006","article-title":"Postpartum thoughts of infant-related harm and obsessive-compulsive disorder: Relation to maternal physical aggression toward the infant","volume":"83","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collardeau, F., Corbyn, B., Abramowitz, J., Janssen, P.A., Woody, S., and Fairbrother, N. (2019). Maternal unwanted and intrusive thoughts of infant-related harm, obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression in the perinatal period: Study protocol. BMC Psychiatry, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2067-x"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the perinatal period: Epidemiology, phenomenology, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Palma","year":"2015","journal-title":"An. Psicol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09769-8","article-title":"Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Starcevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Q."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fairbrother, N., Albert, A., Keeney, C., Tchir, D., and Cameron, R.B. (2021). Screening for Perinatal OCD: A Comparison of the DOCS and the EPDS. Assessment.","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211063223"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"543","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder in the postpartum period: Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and management","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders_ DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2011.07.005","article-title":"Piloting the perinatal obsessive-compulsive scale (POCS): Development and validation","volume":"25","author":"Lord","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001011","article-title":"Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders","volume":"27","author":"Mathews","year":"2021","journal-title":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learn. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp17X692105","article-title":"Intrusive thoughts and images of intentional harm to infants in the context of maternal postnatal depression, anxiety, and OCD","volume":"67","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007","article-title":"The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: I. Development, use, and reliability","volume":"46","author":"Goodman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018492","article-title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale\u2014Second Edition","volume":"22","author":"Storch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00076-V","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale","volume":"33","author":"Woody","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.03.001","article-title":"Psychometric properties and construct validity of the Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Inventory\u2014Revised: Replication and extension with a clinical sample","volume":"20","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494817717835","article-title":"Appraisal of the psychiatric diagnostic screening questionnaire in a perinatal cohort: The APrON study","volume":"45","author":"Leung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.05.002","article-title":"Regulation of anxiety during the postpartum period","volume":"28","author":"Lonstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.03.052","article-title":"Screening for perinatal anxiety disorders: Room to grow","volume":"250","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00036-8","article-title":"The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale: Interview versus self-report","volume":"34","author":"Steketee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.06.015","article-title":"Intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors in postpartum women: Psychometric properties of the parental thoughts and behaviors checklist","volume":"278","author":"Perrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"100638","article-title":"The Prenatal Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: Psychometric and descriptive study in a Portuguese sample","volume":"29","author":"Macedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obs. Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-014-0425-8","article-title":"The perinatal anxiety screening scale: Development and preliminary validation","volume":"17","author":"Somerville","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Womens. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the perinatal anxiety screening scale in a Portuguese sample of pregnant women","volume":"56","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-012-0319-6","article-title":"Short forms of the postpartum depression screening scale: As accurate as the original form","volume":"16","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.02.010","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale-21 in a sample of Portuguese women","volume":"41","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200009000-00006","article-title":"Postpartum Depression Screening Scale: Development and psychometric testing","volume":"49","author":"Beck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.04.008","article-title":"Profile of depressive symptoms in women in the perinatal and outside the perinatal period: Similar or not?","volume":"166","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2011.01294.x","article-title":"Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"40","author":"Speisman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. Neonatal Nurs."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Pereira, A.T., Marques, C., Xavier, S., Azevedo, J., Soares, M.J., Bento, E., Marques, M., Nogueira, V., and Macedo, A. (2017). Prevalence and incidence of postpartum major depression (DSM-5) in Portuguese women. Postpartum Depress. Prevalence, Risk Factors Outcomes, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Mar\u00f4co, J. (2018). An\u00e1lise Estat\u00edstica com o SPSS Statistics, ReportNumber, Lda. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lane, S., Raymond, M.R., Haladyna, T.M., and Downing, S.M. (2015). Test development process. Handbook of Test Development, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203102961"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"115","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the postpartum period","volume":"58","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/02646838.2019.1652255","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive symptoms, intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms: A longitudinal study examining relation to maternal responsiveness","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Infant Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abramowitz, J.S. (2022). OCD and Comorbid Depression: Assessment, Conceptualization, and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment. J. Cogn. Psychother.","DOI":"10.1891\/JCP-2021-0003"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-010-0172-4","article-title":"Obsessional thoughts and compulsive behaviors in a sample of women with postpartum mood symptoms","volume":"13","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Womens Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-003-0035-3","article-title":"Postpartum onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: Diagnosis and management","volume":"7","author":"Brandes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Women\u2019s Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.05.003","article-title":"The cognitive mediation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A longitudinal study","volume":"21","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anxiety Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v68n0118","article-title":"Postpartum-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: Incidence, clinical features, and related factors","volume":"68","author":"Uguz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.11.014","article-title":"Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder: Prevalence and clinical characteristics","volume":"50","author":"Zambaldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13337","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05381blu","article-title":"Onset and exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"71","author":"Forray","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465810000718","article-title":"OCD in the perinatal period: Is postpartum OCD (ppOCD) a distinct subtype? A review of the literature","volume":"39","author":"McGuinness","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Cogn. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2014.5063","article-title":"Obsessions and compulsions in postpartum women without obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"24","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.09.011","article-title":"The role of cognitive factors in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A prospective study","volume":"44","author":"Abramowitz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118890233.ch28","article-title":"Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"1","author":"Blakey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Handb. Obs. Compuls. Disord."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/17\/10624\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:15:30Z","timestamp":1760141730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/17\/10624"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191710624"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191710624","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]]}}}