{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:34:11Z","timestamp":1767706451280,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25305037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25305037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) This study aimed to investigate the association between child abuse and oral habits in adolescents in Mongolia. (2) A cross-sectional survey was conducted with children and their caregivers in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Parents of 770 children enrolled in two public schools in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, completed questionnaires regarding the physical and psychological abuse that their children were subjected to and the presence of poor oral habits (biting nails\/lips\/pens and bruxism). Multivariable Poisson regression models were fitted with adjustment for age, gender, age of the mother, parental education, family income level, birth order, and living status with grandparents. (3) Biting nails\/lips\/pens and bruxism were reported by 39.0% and 17.5% of the respondents, respectively. Biting nails\/lips\/pens was significantly associated with physical abuse but was not significantly associated with psychological abuse (prevalence ratio, PR [95% confidence interval, CI]: 1.44 [1.07\u20131.95] and 1.34 [0.98\u20131.83], respectively). However, bruxism was not associated with physical or psychological abuse (PR [95% CI]: 1.16 [0.77\u20131.77] and 1.04 [0.68\u20131.61], respectively). (4) Child abuse was associated with biting habits among Mongolian adolescents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T01:39:19Z","timestamp":1661737159000},"page":"10667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between Child Abuse and Poor Oral Habits in Mongolian Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Aina","family":"Okawara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6114-5604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuke","family":"Matsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miyu","family":"Yoshizawa Araki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Unnai Yasuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsasan","family":"Tumurkhuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ganjargal","family":"Ganburged","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amarsaikhan","family":"Bazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14210, Mongolia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1074-3954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeo","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0580-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiji","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and abnormal oral habits in North Indian rural children","volume":"16","author":"Guaba","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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