{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T02:27:45Z","timestamp":1769048865917,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many scholars have focused on Satoyama, which is characterized by mountains or villages away from the urban spaces. Our objective is to verify its psychophysiological effects on people performing usual Satoyama activities in ignored, small urban green spaces to help people find ways to stay healthy in post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) society. In this study, 12 older adult volunteers from the \u201cForest around the Mountains\u201d Nonprofit Organization and 12 young people from the university were invited as study subjects. They were asked to observe nature for 10 min and work for 30 min in the small green space \u201cForest around the Mountains\u201d. The Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition (POMS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventor (STAI) were used as psychological scales to detect their psychological restoration and blood pressure before and after the Satoyama activity. Their heart rate during the activity was used as the physiological indicator. The study showed that, as Satoyama volunteers, the older adults group had significant restorative psychophysiological effects during this experiment compared to the younger group; their systolic and diastolic blood pressure dropped significantly after Satoyama activities, On the other hand, the young group have been in the normotensive range before or after Satoyama activities The psychological indicators such as Anger-hostility, Confusion-bewilderment, and Tension-anxiety were significantly lower in the younger group but were still significantly higher than the indicators of the older adults. In general, this study found that Satoyama activities benefited young and older participants, especially older adults with high blood pressure. Satoyama activities in small urban green spaces are thus necessary and worth promoting in the post-COVID-19 era.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T21:01:31Z","timestamp":1661806891000},"page":"10760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Verification of Psychophysiological Effects of Satoyama Activities on Older Adult Volunteers and Young People in Post-COVID-19 Society: A Case Study of Matsudo City, Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qiongying","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba 271-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba 271-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-6808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsunori","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba 271-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5889-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takahide","family":"Kagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba 271-8510, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Omrani, H., Zhao, Z., Francomano, D., Li, K., and Pijanowski, B. (2019). Analysis on urban densification dynamics and future modes in southeastern Wisconsin USA. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211964"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09299","article-title":"D\u00e9j\u00e0 vu all over again: Racial, ethnic and age disparities in mortality from influenza 1918\u201319 and COVID-19 in the United States","volume":"8","author":"James","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.2307\/4575264","article-title":"On certain general statistical aspects of the 1918 epidemic in American cities","volume":"34","author":"Pearl","year":"1919","journal-title":"Publ. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2002.0022","article-title":"Updating the accounts: Global mortality of the 1918\u20131920 \"Spanish\" influenza pandemic","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Hist. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemep.2020.100556","article-title":"Effectiveness of population density as natural social distancing in COVID-19 spreading","volume":"15","author":"Jawad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethics Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2021.1871770","article-title":"Predictors of adherence with home quarantine during COVID-19 crisis: The case of health belief model","volume":"27","author":"Mafrachi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679538","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.679538","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of home quarantine strategy implementation among Chinese residents during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.35772\/ghm.2020.01043","article-title":"Japanese strategy to COVID-19: How does it work?","volume":"2","author":"Inoue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","article-title":"The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence","volume":"395","author":"Brooks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i4.652","article-title":"Fear can be more harmful than the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in controlling the corona virus disease 2019 epidemic","volume":"8","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, June 30). Be united, not stigmatized! Multinational leaders oppose discrimination against Chinese: Benighted and illogical! China Daily, 8 January 2020. Available online: http:\/\/www.yidianzixun.com\/article\/0OZwzKT7."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113230","article-title":"Fear and agony of the pandemic leading to stress and mental illness: An emerging crisis in the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak","volume":"291","author":"Fofana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100103","article-title":"Isolation, social stress, low socioeconomic status and its relationship to immune response in Covid-19 pandemic context","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4946.20.05887-9","article-title":"Impact of COVID -19 on children: Special focus on the psychosocial aspect","volume":"72","author":"Ghosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Minerva Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12209","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12209","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working students: Results from the Labour Force Survey and the student lifestyle survey","volume":"63","author":"Tsurugano","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12319","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12319","article-title":"Temporary employment and suicidal ideation in COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: A cross-sectional nationwide survey","volume":"64","author":"Sasaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.kjm-covid19-02","article-title":"Overview of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: Public health perspectives in the first half of 2020","volume":"70","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Keio J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., and Sun, D. (2020). Urban parks as green buffers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12176751"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Luo, S., Furuya, K., Kagawa, T., and Yang, M. (2022). A preferred road to mental restoration in the Chinese classical garden. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084422"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Dong, Q., Luo, S., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Li, J., Zhu, Z., He, M., Luo, Y., and Chen, Q. (2022). An empirical study of the restoration potential of urban deciduous forest space to youth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063453"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2020.103823","article-title":"A systematic map of research exploring the effect of greenspace on mental health","volume":"201","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-020-01249-w","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on urban park visitation: A global analysis","volume":"32","author":"Geng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2019.103637","article-title":"The effect of green space behaviour and per capita area in small urban green spaces on psychophysiological responses","volume":"192","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macintyre, V.G., Cotterill, S., Anderson, J., Phillipson, C., Benton, J.S., and French, D.P. (2019). \u201cI would never come here because i\u2019ve got my own garden\u201d: Older adults\u2019 perceptions of small urban green spaces. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16111994"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/10357823.2010.527920","article-title":"The discourse of \u201cencultured nature\u201d in Japan: The concept of Satoyama and its role in 21st-century nature conservation","volume":"34","author":"Knight","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Stud. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2013.12.038","article-title":"Deconstructing Satoyama\u2014The socio-ecological landscape in Japan","volume":"64","author":"Indrawan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5363\/tits.9.7_53","article-title":"Decrease of human population and change of natural environment in Japan","volume":"9","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"217","article-title":"Studies on the amenity of coppice and natural forest","volume":"55","author":"Takahide","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Inst. Landsc. Archit."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"416","article-title":"The Sugoroku game for environmental learning: Development and preliminary evaluation of the \u2018SATOYAMA-Life Admins\u2019","volume":"39","author":"Deguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"JSSE"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between environmental conservation programs and these relaxation effects in the Satochi-Satoyama in autumn and winter","volume":"3","author":"Uehara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Res. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012026","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/879\/1\/012026","article-title":"Multi-functional utilization of suburban green space: Text mining to analyze \u201cForest around the Mountains\u201d Satoyama activities","volume":"879","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.5632\/jila.66.573","article-title":"The relationship between Satoyama Forest\u2019 Status and its Social Functions in a Suburban Area of Fukuoka, Kyushu","volume":"66","author":"Uehara","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Inst. Landsc. Archit."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.5632\/jila.65.647","article-title":"A comparative study on landscape evaluation and senses of succession of Satoyama beech forests between local and urban residents","volume":"65","author":"Katsue","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Inst. Landsc. Archit."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"112","article-title":"Satoyama management game, a learning support system for acquiring problem solving skills in STEM education: An examination of the learning effect when dealing with multiple Satoyama","volume":"45","author":"Shingai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratiwi, P.I., Xiang, Q., and Furuya, K. (2019). Physiological and psychological effects of viewing urban parks in different seasons in adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214279"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratiwi, P.I., Xiang, Q., and Furuya, K. (2020). Physiological and psychological effects of walking in urban parks and its imagery in different seasons in middle-aged and older adults: Evidence from Matsudo City, Japan. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12104003"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, C., Ikei, H., Kagawa, T., and Miyazaki, Y. (2019). Effects of walking in a forest on young women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020229"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2114\/jpa2.26.123","article-title":"Physiological effects of shinrin-yoku (taking in the atmosphere of the forest)\u2014Using salivary cortisol and cerebral activity as indicators","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7207","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110707207","article-title":"Emotional, restorative and vitalizing effects of forest and urban environments at four sites in Japan","volume":"11","author":"Takayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Yu, C., and Lee, H. (2018). The effects of forest bathing on stress recovery: Evidence from middle-aged females of Taiwan. Forest, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9070403"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"2521","article-title":"Physiological and psychological effects of forest therapy on middle-age males with high-normal blood pressure","volume":"12","author":"Ochiai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2022, June 30). Welcome to the Forest around the Mountains. Available online: http:\/\/matsudo-Satoyama.org\/intro\/content\/01welcome.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Tanaka, I. (2022, June 30). What\u2019s the Difference between a Bamboo and a Bamboo? The Secrets of Insects, Plants, and Animals, Discovered in Petit-Pedia. Nature & Science, Available online: https:\/\/nature-and-science.jp\/bamboo\/#page-1."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2022, June 30). Quercus Serrata Thunb. Available online: https:\/\/treesandshrubsonline.org\/articles\/quercus\/quercus-serrata\/."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2022, June 30). Setaria Viridis (Green Foxtail)\u2014CABI. Available online: https:\/\/www.cabi.org\/isc\/datasheet\/49776."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2022, June 30). Chickadee. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chickadee."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2022, June 30). Japanese Bush Warbler. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_bush_warbler."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2022, June 30). Owl. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Owl."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11266-011-9200-x","article-title":"A New Deal for NPO Governance and Management: Implications for Volunteers Using Psychological Contract Theory","volume":"22","author":"Vantilborgh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Volunt. Int. J. Volunt. Nonprofit Organ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282913505995","article-title":"Test Review: The Profile of Mood States 2nd Edition","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychoeduc. Assess."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"352","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a new short version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for the assessment of anxiety in the elderly","volume":"30","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.12.015","article-title":"More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: Evidence from salivary cortisol patterns","volume":"105","author":"Roe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665108008811","article-title":"Conference on \u201cMultidisciplinary approaches to nutritional problems.\u201d Symposium on \u201cPerformance, exercise and health.\u201d Exercise in improving health v. performance","volume":"68","author":"Thompson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7489(01)00068-2","article-title":"Translation and equivalence: The Profile of Mood States Short Form in English and Chinese","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854547","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.854547","article-title":"The Development of a Short Chinese Version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolson, R.F. (2008). Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Wiley Encyclopedia of Clinical Trials, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471462422.eoct979"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"35","article-title":"A grasp of the training and the practice undertaken by Japanese prefectures to prepare local residents to become forestry volunteers","volume":"12","author":"Ichihara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn. Outdoor Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.4005\/jjfs.90.411","article-title":"The Effect of Forest Works on Volunteer\u2019s Mental State","volume":"90","author":"Ichihara","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Jpn. For. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Chelsea, G. (2016). Using and Interpreting Cronbach\u2019s Alpha, University of Virginia Library. Available online: https:\/\/data.library.virginia.edu\/using-and-interpreting-cronbachs-alpha\/."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.70402","article-title":"\u201cMean +\/\u2212 SEM\u201d or \u201cMean (SD)\u201d?","volume":"42","author":"Jaykaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.03.001","article-title":"Occupational engagement as a constraint on restoration during leisure time in forest settings","volume":"118","author":"Bauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.08.023","article-title":"Blood pressure usually considered normal is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"119","author":"Kshirsagar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(73)90071-1","article-title":"Basal metabolism and age of adult man","volume":"22","author":"Ancel","year":"1973","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2016-0177","article-title":"Evaluation of the metabolic rate based on the recording of the heart rate","volume":"55","author":"Jacques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2002000800018","article-title":"Heart rate recovery after exercise: Relations to heart rate variability and complexity","volume":"35","author":"Javorka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Alfeo, A.L., Cimino, M.G.C.A., and Vaglini, G. (2019). Measuring Physical Activity of Older Adults via Smartwatch and Stigmergic Receptive Fields. arXiv."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/17\/10760\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:19:47Z","timestamp":1760141987000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/17\/10760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191710760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191710760","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]}}}