{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:27:49Z","timestamp":1790252869293,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Khalid University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia","award":["GRP\u20142\/122\/43"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRP\u20142\/122\/43"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The knee joint is one of the most important joints in terms of its functions of providing great stability, movement and weight bearing. Among the contributors to knee joint stability, there is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Kinesiophobia is said to be the fear of movement or the fear of re-injury. Kinesiophobia is the most extreme form of fear of movement, and it is defined as an excessive, irrational, and debilitating fear of physical movement and activity resulting from a feeling of vulnerability to painful injury or re-injury. Aim: To estimate the prevalence and effect of kinesiophobia among patients with ACL reconstruction in the Aseer region, in southern Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional approach was used involving those patients who underwent ACL reconstruction surgery in Aseer Central Hospital during the period of October 2017 to October 2019. The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) and ACL\u2014Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI) scale were used to determine kinesiophobia and the readiness to return to sport after ACL injury or reconstructive surgery. Result: The research included 130 ACL reconstruction patients with ages ranging from 18 to 45 years with a mean age of 27.2 + 7.5 years. More than 97% of the participants were males. In 67.7% of the cases, the right leg was affected. A total of 10.8% of the patients recorded a low level of kinesiophobia, while only 6.9% recorded a high level. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study revealed that among patients who underwent ACL reconstruction, kinesiophobia was at a moderate level. Kinesiophobia was recorded more among middle-aged patients who waited a long time from the onset of injury until the ACL reconstruction surgery time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T01:37:55Z","timestamp":1661823475000},"page":"10776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Perceived Kinesiophobia and Its Association with Return to Sports Activity Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Raizah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alhefzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Ayed M","family":"Alshubruqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Asser Central Hospital, Abha 62523, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed Abdullah M. Al","family":"Hoban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Asser Central Hospital, Abha 62523, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6012-9207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irshad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1189-2206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fuzail","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Sciences, AlMareefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e227735","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-227735","article-title":"ACL rupture in the immediate build-up to the Olympic Games: Return to elite alpine ski competition 5 months after injury and ACL repair","volume":"12","author":"Praz","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200005000-00001","article-title":"Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: Risk factors and prevention strategies","volume":"8","author":"Griffin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514542796","article-title":"Incidence and trends of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the United States","volume":"42","author":"Mall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2008.046185","article-title":"The risk for a cruciate ligament injury of the knee in adolescents and young adults: A population-based cohort study of 46 500 people with a 9-year follow-up","volume":"42","author":"Parkkari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2012.680990","article-title":"Prevention of ACL Injury, Part I: Injury Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Loading Mechanism","volume":"20","author":"Dai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2007.07.003","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears as a function of gender, sport, and a knee injury-reduction regimen","volume":"23","author":"Prodromos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2007.06.010","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of allograft versus autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"26","author":"Baer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2012-091786","article-title":"Variables associated with return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"Czuppon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00225","article-title":"Psychological Factors Affecting Rehabilitation and Outcomes following Elective Orthopaedic Surgery","volume":"23","author":"Flanigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2013.05.015","article-title":"Fear of reinjury (kinesiophobia) and persisten knee symptoms are common factors for lack of return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"29","author":"Flanigan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"195","article-title":"Psychological aspects of persistent pain: Current state of the science","volume":"5","author":"Keefe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"23","article-title":"Psychological aspects of pain","volume":"1","author":"Gorczyca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.05.029","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the TSK-11: A shortened version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia","volume":"117","author":"Woby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2006.07.008","article-title":"The psychosocial aspects of a return to sport following serious injury: A review of the literature from a self-determination perspective","volume":"8","author":"Podlog","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2007.09.003","article-title":"Development and preliminary validation of a scale to measure the psychological impact of returning to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery","volume":"9","author":"Webster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Sport"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325967118763763","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118763763","article-title":"Development and validation of a short version of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sport After Injury (ACL-RSI) scale","volume":"6","author":"Webster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"35","article-title":"Kinesiophobia: A new view of chronic pain behavior","volume":"3","author":"Kori","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1053\/j.otsm.2017.07.001","article-title":"Rehabilitation and Post-rehabilitation Performance Enhancement Training and Injury Prevention following Surgery for Common Sports Injuries: A Process from Surgery to Return to Play-Preface","volume":"25","author":"Totlis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20090502-01","article-title":"Patient outcomes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: The influence of psychological factors","volume":"32","author":"Brand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514559707","article-title":"Comparison of physical impairment, functional, and psychosocial measures based on fear of reinjury\/lack of confidence and return-to-sport status after ACL reconstruction","volume":"43","author":"Lentz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"155","article-title":"Kinesiophobia and Return to Sports after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction","volume":"79","author":"Medvecky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conn. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-14-00173","article-title":"Psychological Aspects of Recovery Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction","volume":"23","author":"Christino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738117745806","article-title":"Self-Reported Fear Predicts Functional Performance and Second ACL Injury After ACL Reconstruction and Return to Sport: A Pilot Study","volume":"10","author":"Paterno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/17\/10776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:19:57Z","timestamp":1760141997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/17\/10776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191710776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191710776","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]}}}