{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T23:42:42Z","timestamp":1789342962924,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Impairment or distress caused by gambling disorder can be subjectively assessed via quality of life. The aim of this study was to develop a new patient-reported outcome instrument to explore the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in gambling disorders, the Gambling quality-of-life scale (GQoLS), and to document its psychometric properties. Methods. A previous qualitative study had been conducted using focus groups of problem gamblers to identify areas of HRQoL impacted by gambling. The seven domains identified served as the basis for the hypothetical structure of GQoLS. Draft items were generated from the patient\u2019s speeches to illustrate each of these domains. Cognitive debriefing interviews were realized to obtain a final hypothetical GQoLS. A validation study was then carried out to determine the final version of GQoLS and its psychometric properties (structural validity, construct validity, internal consistency). Results. The final GQoLS was composed of 21 items, with a total mean score of 38.3 (\u00b113.6). Structural validity found a major dimension and four other minor dimensions. The five dimensions were: \u201cemotion\u201d, \u201clifestyle\u201d, \u201cloneliness\u201d, \u201ctaboo\u201d and \u201cpreoccupation\u201d. GQoLS was moderately to strongly correlated with PGSI and EQ-5D visual analogic scale. Cronbach\u2019s alpha coefficient was 0.92. Conclusion. GQoLS is the first HRQoL instrument specific to patients with a gambling disorder and developed from the patient\u2019s perspective. GQoLS presents good psychometric properties. GQoLS can be used in clinical research to demonstrate the effectiveness of an intervention on outcomes that are relevant from the patient\u2019s perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T21:25:18Z","timestamp":1661894718000},"page":"10806","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Patient-Reported Outcome Instrument of Health-Related Quality of Life Specific to Patients with Gambling Disorder: The Gambling Quality of Life Scale (GQoLS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nicolas A.","family":"Bonfils","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CESP, UVSQ, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 94804 Villejuif, France"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U894, Centre Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6604-6672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henri-Jean","family":"Aubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESP, UVSQ, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 94804 Villejuif, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, 94804 Villejuif, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Paris Sud, Universit\u00e9 Paris XI, 91405 Orsay, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0722-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Grall-Bronnec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictology and Psychiatry Department, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U1246, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 44093 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Caillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addictology and Psychiatry Department, CHU Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U1246, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 44093 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Perney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESP, UVSQ, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 94804 Villejuif, France"},{"name":"Department of Addictions, CHU N\u00eemes, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 30000 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Limosin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Inserm, U894, Centre Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amandine","family":"Luquiens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CESP, UVSQ, INSERM, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 94804 Villejuif, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, 94804 Villejuif, France"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine Paris Sud, Universit\u00e9 Paris XI, 91405 Orsay, France"},{"name":"Department of Addictions, CHU N\u00eemes, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, 30000 N\u00eemes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Browne, M., Langham, E., Rawat, V., Greer, N., Li, E., Rose, J., Rockloff, M., Donaldson, P., Thorne, H., and Goodwin, B. 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