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This pattern was identified as a marker of unstable sleep with several possible clinical applications; however, there is a need to develop automatic methodologies to facilitate real-world applications based on CAP assessment. Therefore, a deep learning-based EEG channels\u2019 feature level fusion was proposed in this work and employed for the CAP A phase classification. Two optimization algorithms optimized the channel selection, fusion, and classification procedures. The developed methodologies were evaluated by fusing the information from multiple EEG channels for patients with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy and patients without neurological disorders. Results showed that both optimization algorithms selected a comparable structure with similar feature level fusion, consisting of three electroencephalogram channels (Fp2\u2013F4, C4\u2013A1, F4\u2013C4), which is in line with the CAP protocol to ensure multiple channels\u2019 arousals for CAP detection. Moreover, the two optimized models reached an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.82, with average accuracy ranging from 77% to 79%, a result in the upper range of the specialist agreement and best state-of-the-art works, despite a challenging dataset. The proposed methodology also has the advantage of providing a fully automatic analysis without requiring any manual procedure. Ultimately, the models were revealed to be noise-resistant and resilient to multiple channel loss, being thus suitable for real-world application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191710892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T21:27:17Z","timestamp":1662067637000},"page":"10892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Multiple Time Series Fusion Based on LSTM: An Application to CAP A Phase Classification Using EEG"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5107-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI\/LARSyS and ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Higher School of Technologies and Management, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7677-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheikh Shanawaz","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI\/LARSyS and ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2351-8676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI\/LARSyS and ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA Laboratory for Computer Science and Informatics, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7334-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Morgado-Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI\/LARSyS and ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9000-082 Funchal, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8512-965X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio G.","family":"Ravelo-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interactive Technologies Institute (ITI\/LARSyS and ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Institute for Technological Development and Innovation in Communications, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(01)00149-6","article-title":"Atlas, Rules, and Recording Techniques for the Scoring of Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) in Human Sleep","volume":"2","author":"Terzano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-4231(09)70033-4","article-title":"Chapter 8 The Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) in Human Sleep","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Terzano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/8.2.137","article-title":"The Cyclic Alternating Pattern as a Physiologic Component of Normal NREM Sleep","volume":"8","author":"Terzano","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2004.00388.x","article-title":"The Nature of Arousal in Sleep","volume":"13","author":"Terzano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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