{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T18:37:31Z","timestamp":1773686251795,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Population aging and population decline are experienced not only in South Korea but also in other countries around the world. In particular, public transportation operations, which have been centered on existing large buses, are struggling with a continuous deficit owing to the rapid population decline in rural areas, thus leading to a social issue. To address this issue, nations worldwide have attempted to find various alternatives. In South Korea, voucher taxis and city-type buses have been newly supplied in rural areas as alternatives. In this study, six city-type bus routes implemented in Yangsan-si, South Korea have been intensively reviewed in particular. The planned routes and operation status of each bus route were compared and reviewed based on geographic information systems. Six improved demand-responsive transport (DRT) operation methods were studied based on the operation patterns of city-type buses that were operated differently from the planed routes. Through this, a more suitable DRT small bus operation model for each route was proposed. Our study results will be a foundational proposal for policy makers concerned with improving public transport services and supplying new services in rural areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T20:52:03Z","timestamp":1662583923000},"page":"11263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["What Are More Efficient Transportation Services in a Rural Area? A Case Study in Yangsan City, South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Gyun","family":"Roh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation and Strategy Division, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang 10223, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3342-7935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Highway & Transportation Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang 10223, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea (BAI) (2021). Audit Report-Response to Demographic Change I (Region), The Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea (BAI)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Official Statistics of Finland (OSF) (2015). Population projection 2015 According to Age and Sex 2015\u20132065. Whole Country, Official Statistics of Finland (OSF)."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"273","article-title":"Present and tasks of balanced regional development through Japan\u2019s regional revitalization policy","volume":"126","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"72","article-title":"The role of responses to experiences of rural population decline in the social capital of families","volume":"10","author":"Elshof","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Rural. Commun. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1080\/07352166.2018.1457407","article-title":"Shrinkage and housing inequality: Policy responses to population decline and class change","volume":"42","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urban Aff."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Lind\u00e9n, J., Linna-Angelvuo, L., Liinamaa, A., Matinlassi, M., Lehti\u00f6, S., Hassi, L., Merit\u00e4hti, L., Koponen, V., and Saarinen, A. (2022, June 11). Asuntokannan ja Asuinolojen Kehitt\u00e4minen Kasvukeskusten Ulkopuolella, Ymp\u00e4rist\u00f6ministeri\u00f6n Raportteja. Available online: https:\/\/julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi\/bitstream\/handle\/10024\/160268\/YMra_23_2017.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kou, X., Zhang, Y., Long, D., Liu, X., and Qie, L. (2022). An investigation of multimodal transport for last mile delivery in rural areas. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031291"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaishar, A., and \u0160\u0165astn\u00e1, M. (2021). Accessibility of services in rural areas: Southern Moravia case study. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13169103"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasta, A., Figueiredo, E., Valente, S., Vihinen, H., and Romero, M.N. (2019). Place-based policies for sustainability and rural development: The case of a Portuguese village \u201cspun\u201d in traditional linen. Soc. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci8100289"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/jbl.12164","article-title":"The rise of crowd logistics: A new way to co-create logistics value","volume":"38","author":"Carbone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bus. Logist."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2016.06.002","article-title":"Towards enhancing the last-mile delivery: An effective crowd-tasking model with scalable solutions","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. E"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-020-02415-7","article-title":"Social development and regional disparities in the rural areas of Romania: Focus on the social disadvantaged areas","volume":"152","author":"Mocanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2013.10.007","article-title":"Productivity, transport costs and subsistence agriculture","volume":"107","author":"Gollin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Alder, S., Roberts, M., and Bank, W. (2018). The effects of transport infrastructure on India\u2019s. Urban and Rural Development, World Bank Group."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.18488\/journal.26\/2015.4.2\/26.2.20.40","article-title":"The potential of rural-urban linkages for sustainable development and trade","volume":"4","author":"Akkoyunlu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Policy"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Starkey, P., and Hine, J. (2014). Poverty and Sustainable Transport-How Transport Affects Poor People with Policy Implications for Poverty Reduction: A Literature Review, UN-Habitat."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hine, J., Abedin, M., Stevens, R., Airey, T., and Tamala, A.M. (2016). Does the Extension of the Rural Road Network Have a Positive Impact on Poverty Reduction Resilience for the Rural Areas Served? If so How, and If Not Why Not? EPPI\u2013Centre, Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hine, J., Sasidharan, M., Torbaghan, M.E., Burrow, M., and Usman, K. (2019). Evidence of the Impact of Rural Road Investment on Poverty Reduction and Economic Development, Institute of Development Studies."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation (2019). Rural Public Transportation Systems, United States Department of Transportation."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"American Public Transportation Association (APTA) (2010). Funding the Public Transportation Needs of an Aging Population, American Public Transportation Association (APTA). Available online: https:\/\/www.aarp.org\/."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"75","article-title":"S in rural areas\u2014Case Finland","volume":"27","author":"Eckhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, July 01). How about MaaS in Rural Areas?. Available online: https:\/\/maas-alliance.eu\/2019\/03\/25\/how-about-maas-in-rural-areas\/."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, July 11). SMART RURAL 21: Ride-Sharing Benches. Available online: https:\\maas-alliance.eu\\2019\\03\\25\\how-about-maas-in-rural-areas\\https:\/\/www.smartrural21.eu\/smart-solution\/ride-sharing-benches\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) (2021). Passenger Transport Service Act, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT). Available online: https:\/\/elaw.klri.re.kr\/kor_service\/lawView.do?hseq=56571&lang=ENG."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, July 11). New York Times: \u2018It\u2019s a Godsend\u2019: 9-Cent Taxi Rides in Rural South Korea. Available online: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/09\/11\/world\/asia\/south-korea-100-won-taxis.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2022, July 11). EBS NEWS! Taxi for the Elderly in Rural Areas. \u201cGift from Heaven\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/post.naver.com\/viewer\/postView.naver?volumeNo=32415429&memberNo=10234477&vType=VERTICAL."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"MBC (2022, July 11). Network of European World Shops: Hampyeong-Gun 100 Won (9-Cent) Happy Taxi Expanded to 74 Villages. Available online: https:\/\/mpmbc.co.kr\/article\/L9ygMMdD30wgTJ."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, July 11). Statistical: Yangsan City [Yearbook], Available online: http:\/\/data.yangsan.go.kr\/#."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2022, July 11). Kookje News: \u2018Yangsan Call Bus\u2019 also Runs in Industrial Complexes and Natural Villages. Available online: http:\/\/www.kookje.co.kr\/news2011\/asp\/newsbody.asp?code=0300&key=20201224.22008007915."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Kukinews (2022, July 11). Yangsan City Bus No. 3 and 4, Start Operating from the 9 March 2021. Available online: https:\/\/www.kukinews.com\/newsView\/kuk202103020122."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Korea Transportation Safety Authority (TS) (2017). Digtal Tacho Graph (DTG) User Manual, Korea Transportation Safety Authority (TS)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT) (2021). Development of Sustainable MaaS (Mobility as a Service) 3.0+ Technology in Rural Areas, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/18\/11263\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:25:12Z","timestamp":1760142312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/18\/11263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191811263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811263","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]}}}