{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:02:06Z","timestamp":1791234126178,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of oral mucosa lesions (OMLs) among children varies from 4.1% up to 69.5%. There is a lack of sufficient epidemiological data and adequate knowledge about OMLs in relation to minors\u2019 gender and age. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of OMLs in children, patients of the oral pathology clinic in south-western parts of Poland, and to investigate the potential correlation between the occurrence of particular types of OMLs and the gender and age. A retrospective study was performed using a total of 2474 clinical charts from 2015 to 2019. Data collected included age, gender, and OMLs\u2019 type. The prevalence of OMLs in minors was 5.21%. Aphthae was the most frequent diagnosis. Boys were more commonly affected, and traumatic erosion and ulcers were significantly more often detected in males. The mean age of children was 8 y\/o, preschoolers were significantly more often diagnosed with geographic tongue, while Morsicatio buccarum was significantly more common in school children and adolescents. Clinicians should be familiar with OMLs prevalence and with its specific frequency in connection to age and gender of children. Furthermore, they should be aware of the diversity of OMLs found in the oral cavity of children and that their frequency in the pediatric population is different from that in adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T04:18:32Z","timestamp":1662610712000},"page":"11277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Prevalence of Oral Mucosa Lesions in Pediatric Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7261-3637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna El\u017cbieta","family":"Owczarek-Drabi\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrycja","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Oral Health, Department of Oral Pathology Wroclaw Medical University, 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Zimol\u0105g-Dydak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Society of Oral Health, Department of Oral Pathology Wroclaw Medical University, 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Radwan-Oczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-376 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13112","article-title":"World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Relative frequency of oral mucosal lesions in children, a scoping review","volume":"25","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2005.00632.x","article-title":"Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in children and youths in the USA","volume":"15","author":"Shulman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-381X2016000300013","article-title":"Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Children Prevalencia de Lesiones de la Mucosa Oral en Ni\u00f1os","volume":"10","author":"Escobar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Odontostomat"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Colaci, R., and Sfasciott, G. (2022, May 12). Most Common Oral Mucosal Lesions in Children: Prevalence and Differential Diagnosis. WedmedCentral DENTISTRY, 4. Available online: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/4f-d7\/4cf18648a9168da47dc95b0ef6e96202b466.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.86782","article-title":"Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions from birth to two years","volume":"14","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"142","article-title":"Prevalence of oral lesions and normal variants of the oral mucosa in 12 to 15-year-old students in Tehran, Iran","volume":"15","author":"Jahanbani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2004.01062.x","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of oral lesions: A cross-sectional study in Turkey","volume":"11","author":"Mumcu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-1950-6","article-title":"Oral mucosal conditions in preschool children of low socioeconomic status: Prevalence and determinant factors","volume":"172","author":"Stella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0367-7","article-title":"Oral mucosal lesions in teenagers: A cross-sectional study","volume":"43","author":"Amadori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2010.02.025","article-title":"Oral mucosal lesions in children from 0 to 12 years old: Ten years\u2019 experience","volume":"110","author":"Majorana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1006\/ijom.2002.0446","article-title":"Recurrent aphthous ulcers today: A review of the growing knowledge","volume":"33","author":"Natah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"26","article-title":"Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A review","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Derm."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e926362-1","article-title":"A Case of Lingua Villosa Nigra (Black Hairy Tongue) in a 3-Month-Old Infant","volume":"21","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radwan-Oczko, M., Sok\u00f3\u0142, I., Babu\u015bka, K., and Owczarek-Drabi\u0144ska, J.E. (2022). Prevalence and Characteristic of Oral Mucosa Lesions. Symmetry, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14020307"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"235","article-title":"The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in Croatian children","volume":"57","author":"Alajbeg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr. Croat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S153","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0055I","article-title":"Standard 6: Age Groups for Pediatric Trials","volume":"129","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1994.tb01815.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of oral mucosal lesions in United States schoolchildren: 1986-87","volume":"22","author":"Kleinman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572008000600008","article-title":"A survey of oral and maxillofacial biopsies in children: A single-center retrospective study of 20 years in Pelotas-Brazil","volume":"16","author":"Lima","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"153","article-title":"Prevalencia de lesiones de la mucosa bucal en pacien_tes pedi\u00e1tricos. Informe prelimina","volume":"74","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cir. Ciruj"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"184","article-title":"Prevalence of oral lesions in the 6-year-old pediatric population of Oviedo (Spain)","volume":"7","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Oral"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2006.00674.x","article-title":"Differences in methodologies of measuring the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Furlanetto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"e18","article-title":"Oral mucocele: Review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Carrillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.26.4.47n1670jr961x566","article-title":"Pediatric oral lesions: A 15-year review from S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Sousa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280304200601","article-title":"A Review of Common Pediatric Lip Lesions: Herpes Simplex\/Recurrent Herpes Labialis, Impetigo, Mucoceles, and Hemangiomas","volume":"42","author":"Bentley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2006.00759.x","article-title":"Extravasation mucocele involving the ventral surface of the tongue (glands of Blandin? Nuhn)","volume":"16","author":"Hebling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"e144-9","article-title":"A review of oral biopsies in children and adolescents: A clinicopathological study of a case series","volume":"5","author":"Vale","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2004.00200.x","article-title":"Prevalence of oral mucosal alterations in children from 0 to 12 years old","volume":"33","author":"Bessa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"540","article-title":"Levantamiento epidemiol\u00f3gico de lesiones patol\u00f3gicas en los tejidos blandos de la cavidad bucal de los ni\u00f1os y adolescente del centro odontopedi\u00e1trico de carapa, parroquia ant\u00edmano, caracas, distrito capital -venezuela. Per\u00edodo mayo-noviembre 2005","volume":"45","author":"Kkilikan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Venez"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0300060519889487","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519889487","article-title":"Manifestation of stress and anxiety in the stomatognathic system of undergraduate dentistry students","volume":"48","author":"Owczarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01797","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1797","article-title":"The impact of stress, anxiety and depression on stomatognathic system of physiotherapy and dentistry first-year students","volume":"10","author":"Owczarek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"100530","article-title":"Escaping the mouth-trap: Recovery from long-term pathological lip\/cheek biting (morsicatio buccarum, cavitadaxia) using decoupling","volume":"25","author":"Moritz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obs. Compuls. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60418-6","article-title":"Retrospective Survey of Biopsied Oral Lesions in Pediatric Patients","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2006.00683.x","article-title":"An analysis of oral and maxillofacial pathology found in children over a 30-year period","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.17096\/jiufd.03460","article-title":"The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in children: A single center study","volume":"49","author":"Altop","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Istanbul Univ. Fac. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(89)90215-6","article-title":"Clinical orodental abnormalities in Mexican children","volume":"68","author":"Sedano","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2003.tb00652.x","article-title":"A review of paediatric oral biopsies in Turkey","volume":"53","author":"Tokman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(97)90682-3","article-title":"Oral and maxillofacial tumours in children: A review","volume":"35","author":"Sato","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"163","article-title":"A survey of biopsied oral lesions in pediatric dental patients","volume":"8","author":"Skinner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1","article-title":"An analysis of oral biopsies extracted from 1995 to 2009, in an oral medicine and surgery unit in Galicia (Spain)","volume":"17","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.29.2.21184130718243r2","article-title":"Oral soft tissue lesions in Greek children and adolescents: A retrospective analysis over a 32-year period","volume":"29","author":"Piperi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2016.0079","article-title":"Diastema size and type of upper lip midline frenulum attachment","volume":"76","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1974.45.12.891","article-title":"Significance of the Labial Frenum Attachment in Periodontal Disease in Man. Part 1. Classification and Epidemiology of the Labial Frenum Attachment","volume":"45","author":"Mirko","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/23.2.153","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia","volume":"23","author":"Thilander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"672","article-title":"Research on the development of the labial frenum in children of age 9\u201312","volume":"15","author":"Bergese","year":"1966","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"67","article-title":"Occurrence of midline diastema and frenum attachments amongst school children in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Kaimenyi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/18\/11277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:25:30Z","timestamp":1760142330000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/18\/11277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191811277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811277","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}}}