{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T09:46:24Z","timestamp":1774950384037,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["21K10445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K10445"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microscopic hematuria is being increasingly recognized as a major indicator of kidney deterioration. Persistent hematuria may better detect estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) deterioration and potential glomerulonephritis. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the associations between persistent hematuria: the frequency or consistency of positive dipstick hematuria defined by the preceding 3 years urinalyses, and eGFR deterioration over 5 years and abnormal urinalyses suggesting potential glomerulonephritis (hematuria 1+ or higher, 2+ or higher, proteinuria, and hematuria and proteinuria) 5 years later, among adult participants with positive dipstick hematuria at baseline in a large-scale Japanese health checkup setting (n = 2104). There was no significant association between persistent hematuria and eGFR deterioration over 5 years. The higher the frequency of preceding hematuria, the greater the RR of hematuria 5 years later; RRs of hematuria with preceding thrice, twice, or once hematuria were 3.64 [95% CI, 3.11\u20134.25], 2.97 [95% CI, 2.52\u20133.51], or 1.91 [95% CI, 1.58\u20132.30] for \u201chematuria 1+ or higher,\u201d and 7.13 [95% CI, 5.17\u20139.83], 4.26 [95% CI, 3.02\u20136.02], or 2.23 [95% CI, 1.52\u20133.27] for \u201chematuria 2+ or higher\u201d. The presence of both hematuria and proteinuria 5 years later was only associated with preceding thrice hematuria (RR: 2.35 [95% CI, 1.37\u20134.03]). In conclusion, persistent hematuria for 3 years was associated with hematuria and proteinuria that were suggesting glomerulonephritis, but not associated with eGFR deterioration over 5 years. Multiple dipstick urinalyses over years can add some values to detect potential glomerulonephritis as an early sign of chronic kidney diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T22:53:46Z","timestamp":1663023226000},"page":"11466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between 3-Year Repetitive Isolated Hematuria and eGFR Deterioration in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mami","family":"Ishida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Services, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2113-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiichi","family":"Matsuzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agency for Health, Safety and Environment, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1901-2111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Services, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3846-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Marunaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taku","family":"Iwami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Services, School of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8303, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60687-X","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease: Global dimension and perspectives","volume":"382","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa041031","article-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease and the Risks of Death, Cardiovascular Events, and Hospitalization","volume":"351","author":"Go","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. 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