{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:03:07Z","timestamp":1760151787346,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gonarthrosis and diabetes mellitus are two diseases that are increasingly being linked. The aim of this study was to quantify serum levels of Gal-3, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (including their ratios and correlations), and participant\u2019s condition (pain, stiffness, functional limitations) in gonarthrosis patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Methods: A between-subject, cross-sectional experimental design was adopted. Serum levels of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-\u03b3, IL-17, IL-10, Gal-3, and WOMAC score were measured. Results: Gonarthrosis patients with diabetes mellitus had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower levels of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-\u03b3, and Gal-3 compared to gonarthrosis patients without diabetes mellitus. On the other hand, IL-10\/TNF-\u03b1, IL-10\/IL-6, IL-10\/IL-12, Gal-3\/TNF-\u03b1, Gal-3\/IL-6, and Gal-3\/IL-12 (p = 0.001) were significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in gonarthrosis with diabetes mellitus. Moderate\u2013large correlation (p &lt; 0.05) was detected between the serum values of Gal-3 and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-12 (r = 0.575), IL-10 (r = 0.535), TNF-\u03b1 (r = 0.306), and IL-23 (r = 0.323). WOMAC index was significantly lower (p &lt; 0.05) in gonarthrosis patients without diabetes mellitus compared to gonarthrosis patients with diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Correlation between Gal-3 and proinflammatory cytokines and its dominance over proinflammatory cytokines implicate the potential role of Gal-3 in preventing cartilage destruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T01:44:03Z","timestamp":1663033443000},"page":"11480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Potential Protective Role of Galectin-3 in Patients with Gonarthrosis and Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jelena","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Cinical Center of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Jurisevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Grbovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Clinical Center of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1169-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nevena","family":"Gajovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Jurisic-Skevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Clinical Center of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"244","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: A tale of three tissues","volume":"66","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. 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