{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T18:16:45Z","timestamp":1778869005669,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione Cassa Risparmio Perugia","award":["20418 (2021.0348)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20418 (2021.0348)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic induced long-term damages that weigh on the national health systems of various countries in terms of support and care. This review aimed to highlight the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in pregnant women. We first report data on the immune system physiopathology and the main viral infections in pregnancy, including COVID-19. Then, the attention is focused on the main factors that affect the mental health of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as (1) the fear of being infected and transmitting the infection to the fetus, (2) the cancellation of checkups and pre-child courses, and (3) confinement and the inability to have close friends or a partner at the time of delivery or in the first days after delivery, as well as family tensions. Because of all this, pregnant women find themselves in a stressful condition independent of the pregnancy, and thus experience anxiety, depression, insomnia, hostility, delirium, and an alteration of the mother\u2013baby relationship. Several studies have shown an involvement of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis and the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013thyroid axis in response to the pandemic. We propose a possible involvement of the neuroendocrine system as a mediator of the psychological symptoms of pregnant women induced by COVID-19-related stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T21:06:52Z","timestamp":1663103212000},"page":"11497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Possible Stress\u2013Neuroendocrine System\u2013Psychological Symptoms Relationship in Pregnant Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Gizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mazzeschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3519-5445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Delvecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Social Sciences and Education, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9637-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Beccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5745-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Albi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(81)90073-1","article-title":"Effect of reproductive state on circadian periodicity in the rat","volume":"26","author":"Albers","year":"1981","journal-title":"Physiol. 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