{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:45:53Z","timestamp":1787028353387,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health","IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The foot absorbs shocks with its arches, muscles, ligaments and joints, and bodyweight transmission and it pushes the body forward during all movement patterns. Pes planus is more important in sports activities that include balance and sports performance, such as walking, running, jumping, or transferring weight to a single lower limb. This study, conducted with this information in mind, aims to examine the effects of pes planus deformity on balance and vertical jump performance. Fifty athletes were included in the study. The presence of pes planus was evaluated according to the Feiss line. Balance measurements were performed with a Balance System SD Biodex. Vertical jump performance was recorded using an Omegawave jumping mat. The relationship between the pes planus grades of the participants and their balance and jump performances was analyzed using the Spearman correlation method. Vertical jump and Limit of stability (LOS) was significantly correlated with pes planus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T22:11:10Z","timestamp":1663279870000},"page":"11602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Examining the Relationship between Pes Planus Degree, Balance and Jump Performances in Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8777-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levent","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yasar Do\u011fu Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, Samsun 55270, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-4319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00fclay","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport, Institute of Health Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8491-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6khan","family":"Ar\u0131kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mehmet Arabac\u0131 School of Physical Education and Sport, Harran University, \u015eanl\u0131urfa 63000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevcan","family":"Yi\u011fit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4659-0803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derya","family":"Sar\u0131\u015f\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5713-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zkan","family":"G\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092690","article-title":"The foot core system: A new paradigm for understanding intrinsic foot muscle function","volume":"49","author":"McKeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180270","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0270","article-title":"Influence of the windlass mechanism on arch-spring mechanics during dynamic foot arch deformation","volume":"15","author":"Welte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20131188","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.1188","article-title":"Intrinsic foot muscles have the capacity to control deformation of the longitudinal arch","volume":"11","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/68.12.1822","article-title":"Dynamic biomechanics of the normal foot and ankle during walking and running","volume":"68","author":"Rodgers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Zeng, Z., Liu, M., and Wang, L. (2022). Effect of intrinsic foot muscles training on foot function and dynamic postural balance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266525"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/325147a0","article-title":"The spring in the arch of the human foot","volume":"325","author":"Ker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079902000410","article-title":"Does arch height affect impact loading at the lower back level in running?","volume":"20","author":"Ogon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"AC17","article-title":"Prevalence of Flexible Flat Foot in Adults: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"11","author":"Aenumulapalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"S12","article-title":"Effects of Foot Muscles Training on Plantar Pressure Distribution during Gait, Foot Muscle Strength, and Foot Function in Persons with Flexible Flatfoot","volume":"98","author":"Panichawit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.12674\/ptk.2016.23.4.027","article-title":"The Effects of Foot Intrinsic Muscle and Tibialis Posterior Strengthening Exercise on Plantar Pressure and Dynamic Balance in Adults Flexible Pes Planus","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Ther. Korea"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2018.10.005","article-title":"Understanding cutting maneuvers-The mechanical consequence of preparatory strategies and foot strike pattern","volume":"62","author":"David","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirth, S.H., Vieh\u00f6fer, A.F., Singh, S., Zimmermann, S.M., G\u00f6tschi, T., Rigling, D., and Jud, L. (2019). Anterior talofibular ligament lesion is associated with increased flat foot deformity but does not affect correction by lateral calcaneal lengthening. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2827-2"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2004.12.001","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of adult flatfoot","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047-020-0372-8","article-title":"Symptomatic pes planus in children: A synthesis of allied health professional practices","volume":"13","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S1067-2516(09)80035-5","article-title":"The Dynamic Stabilizing Innersole System (DSIS): The management of hyperpronation in children","volume":"34","author":"Jay","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2014.38.3.369","article-title":"Effects of custom-made rigid foot orthosis on pes planus in children over 6 years old","volume":"38","author":"Bok","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/03093648809078203","article-title":"Energy cost of walking with flat feet","volume":"12","author":"Otman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prosthetics Orthot. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"49","article-title":"Consensus-based recommendations of Australian podiatrists for the prescription of foot orthoses for symptomatic flexible pes planus in adults","volume":"7","author":"Banwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcler, \u00d6, Aras, D., Ak\u00e7a, F., Bianco, A., Lavanco, G., Paoli, A., and \u015eahin, F.N. (2020). Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Fatigue Exercises on Postural Control and Recovery Time in Female Soccer Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Heal., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176273"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.26773\/smj.220211","article-title":"Effects of Different Sports Shoes and Bare Feet on Static and Dynamic Balance In Healthy Females: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"20","author":"Pekyavas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sport Mont"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2165\/11538560-000000000-00000","article-title":"Balance Ability and Athletic Performance","volume":"41","author":"Hrysomallis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12091","article-title":"Pes planus and paediatric obesity: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Stolzman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Obes."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"26","article-title":"A Comparative Biomechanical Analysis the Vertical Jump between Flatfoot and Normal Foot","volume":"48","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomim. Biomater. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hu, Y. (2016). The Relationship between Foot Arch Height and Two-Legged Standing Vertical Jump Height in Male College-Age Students. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Southern Illinois University Carbondale]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2262","article-title":"Flat-Footedness Is Not a Disadvantage for Athletic Performance in Children Aged 11 to 15 Years","volume":"123","author":"Tudor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"7","article-title":"Comparison of Vertical Jumping Height in Primary School Boys and Girls with and without Flat Foot","volume":"11","author":"Sajedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-1146-5-3","article-title":"Classification of the height and flexibility of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot","volume":"5","author":"Nilsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8714","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008714","article-title":"Short-term effects of sports taping on navicular height, navicular drop and peak plantar pressure in healthy elite athletes A within-subject comparison","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benca, E., Listabarth, S., Flock, F.K., Pablik, E., Fischer, C., Walzer, S.M., Dorotka, R., Windhager, R., and Ziai, P. (2020). Analysis of Running-Related Injuries: The Vienna Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020438"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"124","article-title":"Assessment of quadriceps angle in children aged between 2 and 8 years","volume":"55","author":"Dursun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk Pediatr Arsivi."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.7.2.95","article-title":"Intertester and Intratester Reliability of a Dynamic Balance Protocol Using the Biodex Stability System","volume":"7","author":"Schmitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Sport Rehabilitat."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"6","article-title":"Reliability and Test-Retest Agreement of Mechanical Variables Obtained During Countermovement Jump","volume":"13","author":"Bottaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21653\/tfrd.272249","article-title":"Pes Planus Olan ve Olmayan Erkeklerde Fiziksel Uygunlu\u011fun De\u011ferlendirilmesi","volume":"27","year":"2016","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Fiz. Ve Rehabil. Dergisi."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Effect of Increase in Pronation of Rearfoot on Physical Performance","volume":"5","author":"Kararti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hacet. \u00dcniversitesi Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bilimleri Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"195","article-title":"Does Pes Planus Influence Balance Performance in Athletes? [Pes Planus Sporcularda Denge Performans\u0131n\u0131 Etkiler mi?]","volume":"54","author":"Kabak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spor. Hekimligi. Dergisi."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correlation of Navicular Drop to Vertical and Broad Jump Measurements in Young Adults","volume":"2","author":"David","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"298","article-title":"Prevelance of flatfoot in secondary school students and its relationship with obesity","volume":"9","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2017.64585","article-title":"Association of arch height with ankle muscle strength and physical performance in adult men","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/18\/11602\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T08:20:16Z","timestamp":1785140416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/19\/18\/11602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph191811602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191811602","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]}}}