{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:18:21Z","timestamp":1791357501859,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]],"date-time":"2022-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the United States, from 1999 to 2019, opioid overdose, either regularly prescribed or illegally acquired, was the cause of death for nearly 500,000 people. In addition to this pronounced mortality burden that has increased gradually over time, opioid overdose has significant morbidity with severe risks and side effects. As a result, opioid misuse is a cause for concern and is considered an epidemic. This article examines the trends and consequences of the opioid epidemic presented in recent international literature, reflecting on the causes of this phenomenon and the possible strategies to address it. The detailed analysis of 33 international articles highlights numerous impacts in the social, public health, economic, and political spheres. The prescription opioid epidemic is an almost exclusively North American problem. This phenomenon should be carefully evaluated from a healthcare systems perspective, for consequential risks and harms of aggressive opioid prescription practices for pain management. Appropriate policies are required to manage opioid use and prevent abuse efficiently. Examples of proper policies vary, such as the use of validated questionnaires for the early identification of patients at risk of addiction, the effective use of regional and national prescription monitoring programs, and the proper dissemination and translation of knowledge to highlight the risks of prescription opioid abuse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T23:39:22Z","timestamp":1663544362000},"page":"11754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Opioid Misuse: A Review of the Main Issues, Challenges, and Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2761-2552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Biancuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Pain Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico\u2014IRCCS Centro di Riferimento Oncologico\u2014CRO of Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6477-4177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Dal Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, 30100 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7919-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Brescia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, University of Turin, 10134 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Finance, Wroc\u0142aw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7113-4458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Campostrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, 30100 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5236-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Cascella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico\u2014IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico\u2014IRCCS, Fondazione Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Cobianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"General Surgery Department, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico\u2014IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ander","family":"Dorken-Gallastegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Gebran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haytham M.","family":"Kaafarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Marinangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, 30100 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7211-4328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Renne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5189-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Scaioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rym","family":"Bednarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Medicine, Hospital of Latisana, 33053 Latisana, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2377-3765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vittori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, ARCO, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico\u2014IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Miceli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Pain Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico\u2014IRCCS Centro di Riferimento Oncologico\u2014CRO of Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (2022, March 24). 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