{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:36:55Z","timestamp":1790962615436,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51909202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51909202"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transportation has the highest dependence on fossil fuels of any sector and accounts for 37% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Maritime transportation is responsible for around 940 million tons of CO2 and approximately 3% of global emissions annually. The significant increase in shipping activities around the globe has magnified the generation of toxic pollutants. In recent years, shipping emissions have received significant attention in developed countries due to global climate change, while in developing countries, researchers are making enormous efforts to tackle this catastrophic and pressing issue. This study considers Muhammad Bin Qasim Port (MBQP), Karachi, Pakistan as a case study. This study employed an activity-based or bottom-up approach with a standard procedure to estimate the various anthropogenic pollutants emissions including particular matters (PM10 and PM2.5), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), CO2, methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC), and hydrocarbon (HC) under different operational modes, i.e., hoteling, maneuvering, and reduced speed zones. The results indicated that CO2 was the highest contributor with a proportion of 92%, NOx 5%, and SO2 1.5% for all three operational modes. Moreover, the results indicated that container ships account for 64% of overall emissions, followed by tankers for 24%. Regarding the monthly trend, the findings revealed that November and December had the highest emission rates, with over 20% of the total emissions recorded. This study\u2019s findings will assist stakeholders and policymakers to prioritize maritime emissions in developing countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T21:12:53Z","timestamp":1663708373000},"page":"11868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Estimation of Shipping Emissions in Developing Country: A Case Study of Mohammad Bin Qasim Port, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Iftikhar","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation & Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China"},{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Engineering Research Center for Transportation Safety, Wuhan 430063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation & Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China"},{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Engineering Research Center for Transportation Safety, Wuhan 430063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7448-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Safdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation & Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China"},{"name":"Intelligent Transportation Systems Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Water Transport Safety, Engineering Research Center for Transportation Safety, Wuhan 430063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quoc Bang","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1564-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina D.","family":"Wemegah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Accra Technical University, Accra P.O. Box 561, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karakoram International University, Gilgit 15100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massar, M., Reza, I., Rahman, S.M., Abdullah, S.M.H., Jamal, A., and Al-Ismail, F.S. (2021). Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas Emissions\u2014Positive or Negative?. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115567"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34670","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18062-5","article-title":"Anatomy of the atmospheric emissions from the transport sector in Greece: Trends and challenges","volume":"29","author":"Paschalidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. 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